中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (2): 249-263.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.02.004
张晓丽1(),陶伟2,高国庆1,陈雷1,郭辉1,张华1,唐茂艳1(
),梁天锋1(
)
收稿日期:
2022-03-31
接受日期:
2022-07-28
出版日期:
2023-01-16
发布日期:
2023-02-07
通讯作者:
梁天锋,E-mail:作者简介:
张晓丽,E-mail:基金资助:
ZHANG XiaoLi1(),TAO Wei2,GAO GuoQing1,CHEN Lei1,GUO Hui1,ZHANG Hua1,TANG MaoYan1(
),LIANG TianFeng1(
)
Received:
2022-03-31
Accepted:
2022-07-28
Online:
2023-01-16
Published:
2023-02-07
摘要:
【目的】探究直播栽培方式对不同类型水稻品种生育期、抗倒伏能力、产量和经济效益的影响,以期为机械化直播稻的应用推广提供理论基础。【方法】2020年和2021年早稻,以广西生产上推广面积较大的常规稻品种桂育9号、桂育11号、桂野丰、广粮香2号和杂交稻Y两优1号等5个品种为供试材料,以人工移栽为对照,进行大田精量直播。试验采用裂区设计,以栽培模式为主区,品种为副区,设置3个重复。记录各生育周期,测定主茎形态、基部茎秆特征以及抗折力、弯曲力度和倒伏指数等抗倒伏指标,成熟期测定产量及其构成因素,并计算成本和经济效益。【结果】(1)直播稻的生育期缩短2—6 d,主要表现在播种到幼穗分化期之间;(2)直播稻的抗倒伏能力低于移栽稻,其株高、重心高度与穗干重均较低,第二节间的茎粗、壁厚、鲜重和干重亦较低,茎秆长度则高于移栽稻,这是导致直播水稻抗倒伏能力弱的主要原因;(3)在产量表现方面,除Y两优1号外,其余4个水稻品种的产量表现为直播稻低于移栽稻。生育期相对短的品种,直播稻的产量明显低于移栽稻,而生育期较长的品种,产量差异不显著,在产量构成因素中,每穗粒数增加和结实率的提高是直播稻增产的主要因素;(4)从经济效益分析来看,供试品种中,生育期较短的桂育11号,因直播产量降低明显,效益降低,其余4个水稻品种的直播稻经济效益高于移栽稻,其主要原因是直播稻节省了育秧和插秧环节的人工成本。【结论】当前亟待发展以保面积、增效益为主要目标的水稻轻简生产模式,与移栽稻相比,水稻直播栽培具有缩短生育期,降低生产成本等明显优势,但其倒伏的风险相对较大,产量易受品种特性和环境因素的影响。在进行水稻早稻直播栽培时,可以通过选择中等熟期、基部茎秆长度合理、茎秆粗壮且茎秆壁厚的抗倒品种,在栽培管理上,可适当增加穗肥的比例,以弥补每穗粒数和结实率的不足来提高直播稻产量。
张晓丽, 陶伟, 高国庆, 陈雷, 郭辉, 张华, 唐茂艳, 梁天锋. 直播栽培对双季早稻生育期、抗倒伏能力及产量效益的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(2): 249-263.
ZHANG XiaoLi, TAO Wei, GAO GuoQing, CHEN Lei, GUO Hui, ZHANG Hua, TANG MaoYan, LIANG TianFeng. Effects of Direct Seeding Cultivation Method on Growth Stage, Lodging Resistance and Yield Benefit of Double-Cropping Early Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(2): 249-263.
表1
不同品种在直播方式下生育期表现"
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 栽培方式 Planting method | 播种期 SS (M-D) | 移栽期 Transplant stage (M-D) | 幼穗 分化期 PI (M-D) | 始穗期 IH (M-D) | 成熟期 MA (M-D) | 播种期-幼 穗分化期 SS-PI (d) | 幼穗分化 期-始穗期 PI-IH (d) | 始穗期- 成熟期 IH-MA (d) | 全生育期 Growth period (d) | 相差天数 Days difference (d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 移栽AT | 03-07 | 04-03 | 05-11 | 06-10 | 07-08 | 65 | 30 | 28 | 123 | — |
直播DS | 03-07 | — | 05-10 | 06-09 | 07-06 | 63 | 30 | 28 | 121 | 2 | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 移栽AT | 03-07 | 04-03 | 05-08 | 06-07 | 07-05 | 63 | 30 | 28 | 119 | — | |
直播DS | 03-07 | — | 05-04 | 06-03 | 06-30 | 59 | 30 | 27 | 115 | 4 | ||
广粮香2号 Guang liangxiang2 | 移栽AT | 03-07 | 04-03 | 05-13 | 06-11 | 07-10 | 66 | 29 | 29 | 124 | — | |
直播DS | 03-07 | — | 05-11 | 06-08 | 07-07 | 64 | 29 | 29 | 122 | 2 | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 移栽AT | 03-07 | 04-03 | 05-14 | 06-13 | 07-18 | 68 | 30 | 35 | 133 | — | |
直播DS | 03-07 | — | 05-12 | 06-11 | 07-16 | 66 | 30 | 35 | 131 | 2 | ||
桂野丰 Gui yefeng | 移栽AT | 03-07 | 04-03 | 05-12 | 06-09 | 07-05 | 66 | 28 | 26 | 120 | — | |
直播DS | 03-07 | — | 05-07 | 06-04 | 06-29 | 61 | 28 | 25 | 113 | 6 | ||
2021 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 移栽AT | 03-02 | 03-29 | 05-06 | 06-05 | 07-03 | 65 | 30 | 28 | 123 | — |
直播DS | 03-02 | — | 05-04 | 06-03 | 03-30 | 63 | 30 | 28 | 121 | 2 | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 移栽AT | 03-02 | 03-29 | 05-02 | 05-31 | 06-28 | 64 | 29 | 27 | 120 | — | |
直播DS | 03-02 | — | 04-29 | 05-28 | 06-25 | 61 | 29 | 27 | 117 | 3 | ||
广粮香2号 Guang liangxiang2 | 移栽AT | 03-02 | 03-29 | 05-07 | 06-04 | 07-04 | 65 | 29 | 30 | 124 | — | |
直播DS | 03-02 | — | 05-05 | 06-02 | 07-01 | 63 | 29 | 30 | 122 | 2 | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 移栽AT | 03-02 | 03-29 | 05-09 | 06-08 | 07-15 | 68 | 30 | 36 | 135 | — | |
直播DS | 03-02 | — | 05-07 | 06-06 | 07-11 | 66 | 30 | 36 | 132 | 3 | ||
桂野丰 Gui yefeng | 移栽AT | 03-02 | 03-29 | 05-06 | 06-01 | 06-30 | 65 | 26 | 29 | 120 | — | |
直播DS | 03-02 | — | 05-01 | 05-27 | 06-25 | 60 | 26 | 29 | 115 | 5 |
表2
直播条件下基部节间抗折力、弯曲力矩和倒伏指数"
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 栽培方式 Planting method | 抗折力 Breaking resistance (N) | 弯曲力矩 Bending moment (cm·g-1) | 倒伏指数 Lodging index (cm·g·N-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 11.8A | 2171.1b | 204.7a |
移栽AT | 17.0B | 2657.2a | 164.0b | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 9.5a | 1710.4a | 201.8a | |
移栽AT | 13.5b | 1928.5a | 152.7b | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 8.1a | 1513.6a | 204.3a | |
移栽AT | 12.1b | 1794.0a | 156.7b | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 8.3a | 1734.2a | 206.9a | |
移栽AT | 11.8b | 1897.3a | 189.7a | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 14.8a | 2402.3a | 168.4a | |
移栽AT | 17.8b | 2691.5a | 154.6a | ||
2021 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 12.1a | 2784.2a | 244.3a |
移栽AT | 12.8a | 2663.8a | 224.8a | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 13.6B | 1862.4a | 147.0a | |
移栽AT | 17.9A | 2099.4a | 130.7a | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 9.7a | 2072.3a | 222.2a | |
移栽AT | 10.9a | 1970.8a | 188.3a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 7.9a | 1991.6a | 269.1a | |
移栽AT | 9.7a | 1854.2a | 202.7b | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 11.3B | 2521.9a | 244.6a | |
移栽AT | 17.8A | 2738.8a | 165.8b | ||
年份Year (Y) | 0.053 | 15.686** | 12.27** | ||
品种Variety (V) | 28.743** | 44.891** | 9.568** | ||
栽培方式Treatment (T) | 66.25** | 8.677** | 32.508** | ||
Y×V | 7.353** | 1.179 | 5.698** | ||
Y×T | 1.437 | 6.667* | 0.475 | ||
V×T | 1.085 | 0.742 | 0.198 | ||
Y×V×T | 2.585 | 1.153 | 2.194 |
表3
直播栽培方式对主茎形态的影响"
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 栽培方式 Planting method | 株高 Plant height (cm) | 重心高度 Gravity center height (cm) | 相对重心高度 Ratio of gravity center height to plant height (%) | 穗长 Panicle length (cm) | 穗干重 Spike dry weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 128.65a | 54.91A | 42.71A | 24.52a | 2.59a |
移栽AT | 134.29b | 58.01B | 43.27B | 25.64a | 3.63a | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 118.38A | 53.47a | 42.88a | 24.60a | 2.96a | |
移栽AT | 124.93B | 53.91a | 45.61a | 25.85a | 3.23a | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 117.82a | 54.02a | 45.86a | 26.37a | 2.77a | |
移栽AT | 123.40b | 54.62a | 44.26a | 27.15a | 3.15a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 119.18A | 56.52a | 47.47a | 25.28a | 2.81a | |
移栽AT | 125.49B | 57.24a | 45.65a | 24.22a | 3.50a | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 127.33A | 54.84a | 43.10a | 26.95a | 2.64a | |
移栽AT | 134.22B | 55.93a | 41.74a | 26.20a | 3.88a | ||
2021 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 123.02a | 51.28a | 41.83a | 24.43a | 4.18a |
移栽AT | 127.85a | 52.72a | 41.09a | 24.72a | 4.23a | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 113.68a | 43.30a | 37.91a | 25.94a | 3.60a | |
移栽AT | 114.34a | 45.91a | 40.43a | 25.73a | 3.67a | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 118.40a | 44.23B | 37.37B | 27.36a | 3.38a | |
移栽AT | 119.93a | 49.59A | 41.39A | 26.63a | 3.48a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 114.18a | 44.59b | 38.33B | 24.54B | 3.36a | |
移栽AT | 116.39a | 48.39a | 42.45A | 26.63A | 3.61a | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 121.25a | 53.86a | 44.42a | 25.39A | 4.01a | |
移栽AT | 124.98a | 54.15a | 43.34a | 27.11B | 4.81b | ||
年份Year (Y) | 66.97** | 281.01** | 114.99** | 0.915 | 29.17** | ||
品种Variety (V) | 36.64** | 29.31** | 4.27** | 18.23** | 11.37** | ||
栽培方式 Plant Method (P) | 27.47** | 22.62** | 0.357 | 0.44 | 9.78** | ||
Y×V | 2.569 | 17.35** | 21.32** | 2.066 | 0.481 | ||
Y×P | 10.61** | 4.65* | 24.84** | 0.12 | 0.375 | ||
V×P | 0.771 | 1.167 | 2.044 | 3.343* | 0.799 | ||
Y×V×P | 0.914 | 2.512 | 5.758** | 6.60** | 0.548 |
表4
直播栽培方式对基部节间茎秆特征的影响"
年份 Year | 品种 Variety | 栽培方式 Planting method | 第二节间N2 internodes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
长度 Length (cm) | 粗度 diameter (cm) | 茎壁厚度 Culm wall thickness (mm) | 茎秆鲜重 Wet weight of culm (g/stem) | 茎秆干重 Dry weight of culm (g/stem) | |||
2020 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 7.69a | 5.54a | 1.26a | 1.01A | 0.16a |
移栽AT | 7.47a | 5.93a | 1.29a | 1.29B | 0.23a | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 6.58a | 5.02a | 1.08b | 0.72a | 0.11a | |
移栽AT | 6.50a | 5.34a | 1.33a | 0.86a | 0.14a | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 6.97a | 4.53a | 1.31a | 0.58a | 0.09a | |
移栽AT | 6.41a | 4.81a | 1.35a | 0.73a | 0.14a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 6.78a | 4.65a | 1.11b | 0.58b | 0.12a | |
移栽AT | 6.74a | 5.01a | 1.38a | 0.76a | 0.22a | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 6.28a | 5.13a | 1.22b | 0.99a | 0.14a | |
移栽AT | 5.94a | 5.65a | 1.44a | 1.06a | 0.15a | ||
2021 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 8.24a | 6.34a | 1.11B | 1.27a | 0.20a |
移栽AT | 6.57a | 6.61a | 1.30A | 1.15a | 0.24a | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 7.54a | 5.81a | 1.09a | 1.05a | 0.15a | |
移栽AT | 3.18a | 6.17a | 1.12a | 0.96a | 0.16a | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 5.85a | 5.74a | 1.11a | 0.66a | 0.14a | |
移栽AT | 5.33a | 5.96a | 1.18a | 0.82a | 0.19a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 12.33a | 5.57B | 0.99a | 1.14a | 0.17B | |
移栽AT | 5.52a | 6.75A | 0.94a | 1.37a | 0.27A | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 7.26a | 4.07a | 1.24a | 1.16a | 0.17a | |
移栽AT | 5.10b | 6.50a | 1.23a | 1.23a | 0.20a | ||
年份Year (Y) | 4.133* | 97.11** | 23.96** | 39.74** | 7.036* | ||
品种Variety (V) | 4.672** | 8.41** | 4.39** | 22.58** | 4.216** | ||
栽培方式 (P) | 9.27** | 18.16** | 12.00** | 9.372** | 11.29** | ||
Y×V | 0.693 | 1.233 | 1.735 | 6.917** | 0.072 | ||
Y×P | 9.386** | 0.314 | 3.573 | 2.356 | 0.049 | ||
V×P | 2.638* | 0.817 | 0.223 | 0.789 | 1.253 | ||
Y×V×P | 1.984 | 0.798 | 2.146 | 1.503 | 0.094 |
表5
主茎形态和茎秆特征与抗折力和倒伏指数的相关性分析"
指标 Index | 株高 Plant height | 重心 高度 GCH | 相对重 心高度 RGCH | 穗长 Panicle length | 穗干重 Spike dry weigh | N2节 间长度 Length | N2节 间粗度 Diameter | N2茎壁厚度 Culm wall thickness | N2节间鲜重g Wet weight of culm | N2节间干重 Dry weight of culm | 弯曲 力矩 BM | 倒伏 指数 LI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
重心高度 Gravity center height | 0.755** | |||||||||||
相对重心高度 Ratio of gravity center height to plant height | 0.298 | 0.734** | ||||||||||
穗长 Panicle length | -0.094- | -0.159 | -0.086 | |||||||||
穗干重 Spike dry weight | 0.125 | -0.206 | -0.290 | -0.043 | ||||||||
N2节间长度 Length | 0.099 | 0.125 | 0.071 | -0.714** | -0.126 | |||||||
N2节间粗度 Diameter | 0.011 | -0.424 | -0.633** | 0.115 | 0.618** | -0.266 | ||||||
茎壁厚度 Culm wall thickness | 0.709** | 0.660** | 0.465* | 0.039 | 0.038 | -0.056 | -0.312 | |||||
鲜重 Wet weight of culm | 0.240 | -0.090 | -0.264 | -0.140 | 0.679** | 0.211 | 0.621** | -0.136 | ||||
干重 Dry weight of culm | 0.260 | -0.054 | -0.235 | -0.246 | 0.695** | 0.095 | 0.670** | -0.023 | 0.785** | |||
弯曲力矩BM | 0.568** | 0.087 | -0.299 | -0.092 | 0.653** | 0.071 | 0.492** | 0.188 | 0.677** | 0.532** | ||
倒伏指数LI | -0.102 | -0.150 | -0.018 | -0.399 | -0.020 | 0.400 | -0.122 | 0.307 | 0.084 | 0.153 | 0.089 | |
抗折力BR | 0.483** | 0.203 | -0.136 | 0.189 | 0.480** | -0.213 | 0.401 | 0.394 | 0.402 | 0.253 | 0.609** | -0.696** |
表6
直播栽培对不同水稻品种产量及其构成因素的影响"
年份 Year | 品种 <BOLD>V</BOLD>ariety | 栽培方式 Plant method | 有效穗 Effective panicles (×104·hm-2) | 每穗粒数 Grains per panicle | 千粒重 1000-grain weight (g) | 结实率 Seed setting rate (%) | 理论产量 Theoretical yield (kg·hm-2) | 实际产量 Actual production (kg·hm-2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 292.1a | 173a | 24.06a | 72.72a | 9812.96a | 7656.30A |
移栽AT | 329.5a | 192a | 23.46a | 78.95a | 10556.84a | 9347.85B | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 363.5a | 179a | 22.67a | 59.52a | 8779.95a | 7611.75A | |
移栽AT | 343.9a | 195b | 21.51b | 76.16b | 10986.17b | 9792.90B | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 333.0a | 173a | 19.68a | 76.13a | 8631.39a | 7077.60a | |
移栽AT | 332.3a | 174a | 20.03a | 82.55a | 9559.89a | 8546.55b | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 316.7a | 164a | 27.30a | 75.94a | 11424.10a | 9347.85a | |
移栽AT | 339.2a | 174b | 27.42a | 81.28a | 12397.04a | 9436.80a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 389.5a | 178a | 20.27a | 59.72a | 8392.31a | 7923.30a | |
移栽AT | 368.7a | 183a | 19.22a | 73.43a | 9521.25a | 8991.75a | ||
2021 | 桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播DS | 291.2a | 173a | 23.12a | 80.45a | 9368.78a | 8098.05a |
移栽AT | 276.0a | 188a | 22.32a | 89.97b | 10421.51a | 8568.45a | ||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播DS | 401.7A | 147a | 21.29a | 80.08a | 10555.05a | 8919.75a | |
移栽AT | 343.5B | 177b | 21.57a | 83.95a | 10502.77a | 9269.55a | ||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播DS | 303.9a | 148a | 20.91a | 84.20a | 7919.41A | 7156.35a | |
移栽AT | 335.9a | 165a | 21.21a | 88.92a | 10453.72B | 7747.50a | ||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播DS | 340.2a | 138a | 28.38a | 89.13a | 11875.11A | 10569.45a | |
移栽AT | 336.5a | 169b | 27.10b | 89.90a | 13855.34B | 10580.55a | ||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播DS | 337.1a | 187a | 19.19a | 81.71a | 9885.16a | 8714.40a | |
移栽AT | 343.2a | 192a | 18.77a | 82.05a | 10149.18a | 9201.15a |
表7
不同栽培方式下的成本分析和经济效益"
品种 Variety | 栽培方式 Plant method | 年份 Year | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 产值 Production value (yuan/hm2) | 育秧环节 Seedling (yuan/hm2) | 插秧环节transplanting (yuan/hm2) | 除草环节 Weed controling (yuan/hm2) | 共性成本 Common costs (yuan/hm2) | 经济效益Economic benefit (yuan/hm2) | 两者效益差异 Benefit difference (yuan/hm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
桂育9号 Guiyu9 | 直播 DS | 2020 | 7656.30 | 20672.01 | 0 | 450 | 1500 | 14250 | 4472.01 | 241.37 |
2021 | 8098.05 | 21864.74 | 5664.74 | |||||||
移栽 AT | 2020 | 9347.85 | 25239.20 | 550 | 4500 | 60 | 5879.20 | |||
2021 | 8568.45 | 23134.82 | 3774.82 | |||||||
桂育11号 Guiyu11 | 直播 DS | 2020 | 7611.75 | 20551.73 | 0 | 450 | 1500 | 14250 | 4351.73 | -256.78 |
2021 | 8919.75 | 24083.33 | 7883.33 | |||||||
移栽 AT | 2020 | 9792.90 | 26440.83 | 550 | 4500 | 60 | 7080.83 | |||
2021 | 9269.55 | 25027.79 | 5667.79 | |||||||
广粮香2号 Guangliangxiang2 | 直播 DS | 2020 | 7077.60 | 19109.52 | 0 | 450 | 1500 | 14250 | 2909.52 | 378.87 |
2021 | 7156.35 | 19322.15 | 3122.15 | |||||||
移栽 AT | 2020 | 8546.55 | 23075.69 | 550 | 4500 | 60 | 3715.69 | |||
2021 | 7747.50 | 20918.25 | 1558.25 | |||||||
Y两优1号 Yliangyou1 | 直播 DS | 2020 | 9347.85 | 25239.20 | 0 | 450 | 1500 | 14250 | 9039.20 | 3054.90 |
2021 | 10580.55 | 28567.49 | 12367.49 | |||||||
移栽 AT | 2020 | 9436.80 | 25479.36 | 550 | 4500 | 60 | 6119.36 | |||
2021 | 10569.45 | 28537.52 | 9177.52 | |||||||
桂野丰 Guiyefeng | 直播 DS | 2020 | 7923.30 | 21392.91 | 0 | 450 | 1500 | 14250 | 5192.91 | 1060.48 |
2021 | 8714.40 | 23528.88 | 7328.88 | |||||||
移栽 AT | 2020 | 8991.75 | 24277.73 | 550 | 4500 | 60 | 4917.73 | |||
2021 | 9201.15 | 24843.11 | 5483.11 |
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