减量施氮对套作玉米大豆叶片持绿、光合特性和系统产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.09.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同种植模式和施氮水平下玉米大豆的叶片持绿、光合和系统产量特性。【方法】通过田间定位试验研究种植方式(玉米单作(MM)、大豆单作(SS)、玉米套作(IM)、大豆套作(IS))和施氮水平(不施氮(NN)、减量施氮(RN：180 kg N·hm^-2)、常量施氮(CN：240 kg N·hm^-2))对玉米大豆叶片持绿、光合特性以及其干物质积累和系统产量的影响。【结果】玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加,大豆产量随施氮增加先增后降;RN下,IM的籽粒干物质积累量最大,玉米大豆套作系统的总产量最高,系统生产力指数（SPI）最大。套作下各作物的叶片持绿期更长,光合特性指标均较单作稳定,且在籽粒形成期优于单作;各施氮水平下,套作处理的绿叶百分比均显著高于单作,IM的最大绿叶衰减速率出现天数比MM的分别晚7 d、5 d和1 d;IS的则比SS的分别晚7 d、0 d和11 d。相比单作,套作可以显著降低各施氮水平下玉米叶片的平均衰减速率,延长最大衰减速率出现天数,降低绿叶衰减程度。各作物的光合速率表现为套作高于单作,减量施氮高于常量施氮。玉米R2期,IM的叶片光化学淬灭系数（Qp）比MM的高12.78%,非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）则低21.30%;NPQ随施氮水平的增加而降低,RN比NN降低了17.11%。套作SPAD值波动幅度弱于单作,且呈稳定上升趋势;玉米R2期,IM比MM高34.52%,大豆R2和R6期,IS分别比SS高10.39%、29.48%;RN的SPAD值最高,玉米R2期,IMRN处理比IMNN处理高17.46%,MMRN处理比MMNN处理高35.02%;大豆R6期,ISRN处理比ISNN和ISCN处理分别高7.71%、6.67%,SSRN处理比SSCN处理高10.03%。【结论】减量施氮下,玉米大豆套作显著延长了叶片的持绿期;花后叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ光合机构功能、叶绿素都保持在较高的水平且比单作稳定,籽粒干物质积累增强,充分发挥了玉米的生产潜力并增加了大豆产量,使得套作系统总产量显著提高。

关键词: 玉米-大豆套作, 减量施氮, 系统产量, 干物质积累, 叶片持绿, 光合作用

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of leaf green retention, photosynthesis and system yield of maize and soybean under different planting modes and nitrogen (N) application levels.【Method】The effects of planting methods (maize monoculture (MM), soybean monoculture (SS), maize intercropping (IM), soybean intercropping (IS)) and N application levels (0 N application (NN), reduced N application (RN: 180 kg N·hm^-2) and constant N application (CN: 240 kg N·hm^-2)) on leaf stay-green, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and system yield of maize and soybean leaves were studied by field positioning experiment.【Result】The maize yield increased with the increase of N application, and the soybean yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of N application; Under RN, the seed dry matter accumulation of IM was the largest, the total yield of maize-soybean intercropping system was the highest, and the system productivity index (SPI) was the largest too. Under intercropping, the leaf green period of each crop was longer, the photosynthetic characteristics were more stable than that of monoculture, and better than that of monoculture at seed formation stage; Under all N application levels, the percentage of green leaves under intercropping treatment was significantly higher than that under monoculture. The maximum green leaf attenuation rate of IM appeared 7 d, 5 d and 1d later than that of MM, respectively, while IS was 7 d, 0 d and 11 d later than SS, respectively. Compared with monoculture, the intercropping could significantly reduce the average attenuation rate of maize leaves, prolong the days of maximum attenuation rate and reduce the attenuation degree of green leaves. The photosynthetic rate of each crop was higher under intercropping than monoculture, and the reduced N application was higher than the constant N application. At R2 stage, the photochemical quenching coefficient (QP) under IM was 12.78% higher than that under MM, and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was 21.30% lower; NPQ decreased with the increase of N application level, while the ratio of RN to NN decreased by 17.11%. The fluctuation range of SPAD value of intercropping was weaker than that of monoculture, and showed a stable upward trend. In maize R2 stage, IM was 34.52% higher than MM; In soybean R2 and R6 stage, IS was 10.39% and 29.48% higher than SS, respectively, and the SPAD value of RN was the highest. At R2 stage, IMRN was 17.46% higher than IMNN, and MMRN was 35.02% higher than MMNN; in soybean R6 stage, ISRN was 7.71% and 6.67% higher than that of ISNN and ISCN, and SSRN was 10.03% higher than that of SSCN.【Conclusion】Under reduced N application condition, the maize-soybean intercropping significantly prolonged the green holding period of leaves; After flowering, the photosynthetic rate of leaves, the function of PS Ⅱ photosynthetic mechanism and chlorophyll remained at a high level were more stable than that of monoculture, and the accumulation of seed dry matter was enhanced, which gave full play to the production potential of maize and increased the yield of soybean, so that the total yield of intercropping system was significantly increased.

Key words: maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, reducing N application, system yield, dry matter accumulation, leaf stay-green, photosynthesis

李易玲, 彭西红, 陈平, 杜青, 任俊波, 杨雪丽, 雷鹿, 雍太文, 杨文钰. 减量施氮对套作玉米大豆叶片持绿、光合特性和系统产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(9): 1749-1762.

LI YiLing, PENG XiHong, CHEN Ping, DU Qing, REN JunBo, YANG XueLi, LEI Lu, YONG TaiWen, YANG WenYu. Effects of Reducing Nitrogen Application on Leaf Stay-Green, Photosynthetic Characteristics and System Yield in Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(9): 1749-1762.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I9/1749

图/表 8

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

玉米和大豆各个时期的荧光参数"

作物 Crop	时期 Period	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	最大光化学量子效率 Fv/Fm	实际光化学量子效率 Fv’/Fm’	光化学淬灭系数 Qp	非光化学淬灭系数 NPQ
玉米 Maize	VT	IM	NN	0.81a ns	0.12a ns	0.40a ns	0.39a ns
			RN	0.81a ns	0.11a ns	0.42a ns	0.28b ns
			CN	0.83a ns	0.13a ns	0.44a ns	0.28b ns
		MM	NN	0.81a	0.11a	0.52a	0.34a
			RN	0.81a	0.11a	0.53a	0.31a
			CN	0.82a	0.12a	0.54a	0.31a
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.35ns	1.03ns	5.69**	0.75ns
		施氮水平 N application (B)		1.74ns	2.98ns	1.08ns	3.37*
		A×B		0.89ns	1.54ns	0.36ns	0.41ns
	R2	IM	NN	0.80a ns	0.13a ns	0.51a ns	0.42a **
			RN	0.79a ns	0.15a ns	0.53a ns	0.34b **
			CN	0.79a ns	0.14a ns	0.54a ns	0.34b **
		MM	NN	0.79a	0.12a	0.46b	0.47a
			RN	0.80a	0.13a	0.47b	0.42b
			CN	0.80a	0.12a	0.50a	0.42b
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.35ns	0.44ns	4.89*	74.28**
		施氮水平 N application (B)		1.12ns	0.79ns	3.35*	86.51**
		A×B		0.84ns	0.58ns	1.28ns	23.05**
大豆 Soybean	V5	IS	NN	0.76a ns	0.17b ns	0.36b ns	2.74a ns
			RN	0.76a ns	0.22a *	0.38a ns	2.41b ns
			CN	0.77a ns	0.21a *	0.38a ns	2.48b ns
		SS	NN	0.82a	0.18a	0.39b	2.10a
			RN	0.81a	0.17a	0.41a	2.11a
			CN	0.81a	0.15a	0.40a	2.15a
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		6.98*	9.77*	7.42**	9.59**
		施氮水平 N application (B)		1.06ns	4.69*	3.27*	3.12*
		A×B		0.42ns	3.34*	0.15ns	0.99ns
	R2	IS	NN	0.78b ns	0.20b ns	0.34b ns	2.64a **
			RN	0.81a ns	0.25a ns	0.37a ns	2.21b *
			CN	0.81a ns	0.24a ns	0.35a ns	2.18c **
		SS	NN	0.80a	0.19a	0.33a	2.23b
			RN	0.83a	0.19a	0.34a	2.31a
			CN	0.82a	0.18a	0.34a	2.35a
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.28ns	14.73**	0.93ns	7.89**
		施氮水平 N application (B)		4.32*	3.57*	4.38*	4.45*
		A×B		1.32ns	0.43ns	0.71ns	6.70**
	R6	IS	NN	0.78b ns	0.19b ns	0.32a ns	2.32a *
			RN	0.80a ns	0.24a *	0.35a ns	2.15b ns
			CN	0.81a ns	0.22a *	0.34a ns	2.12b *
		SS	NN	0.80a	0.18a	0.28a	2.04a
			RN	0.82a	0.20a	0.30a	1.99a
			CN	0.81a	0.15b	0.29a	1.75b
		种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.65ns	3.73*	0.35ns	3.76*
		施氮水平 N application (B)		3.57*	6.47**	0.21ns	9.76**
		A×B		1.34ns	3.26*	0.37ns	3.82*

表2

图4

图5

表3

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作物 Crop	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	最大衰减速率 Maximum aging rate (cm²·d^-1)	平均衰减速率 Average aging rate (cm²·d^-1)	最大衰减速率出现天数 Time of maximum aging rate (d)	绿叶衰减程度Attenuation degree (%)
玉米 Maize	IM	NN	0.045a**	0.019a**	35a **	0.779a **
		RN	0.044a*	0.012b**	41a **	0.485b **
		CN	0.041b**	0.011b*	41a ns	0.476b *
	MM	NN	0.040a	0.021a	28b	0.866a
		RN	0.041a	0.017a	36b	0.729a
		CN	0.030b	0.013b	40a	0.534a
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		148.253**	176.473**	20.386**	72.130**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		42.631**	87.049**	4.103*	16.523**
	A×B		26.745**	36.575**	3.667**	24.746**
大豆 Soybean	IS	NN	0.064a*	0.015a ns	84a *	0.617a ns
		RN	0.050b ns	0.011b ns	86a ns	0.477b ns
		CN	0.043c *	0.013a ns	88a *	0.549b ns
	SS	NN	0.047b	0.017a	77b	0.723a
		RN	0.058a	0.013a	86a	0.537b
		CN	0.034c	0.015a	73b	0.654a
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		0.756ns	1.072ns	19.348**	16.134**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		38.038**	5.037*	5.838**	7.481**
	A×B		5.173*	0.967ns	4.572*	0.637ns

作物 Crop	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)		系统生产力指数 System productivity index		产量贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
作物 Crop	模式 Cropping pattern	施氮量 Nitrogen application	2019	2020	2019	2020	2019	2020
玉米 Maize	IM	NN	3018.54b ns	3788.33b ns	5193.54c	8714.21b	63.19	71.07
		RN	5835.61a **	4904.19a **	13428.42a	11967.36a	75.57	74.93
		CN	5993.85a ns	4808.88a **	12075.98b	12315.49a	79.97	75.46
	MM	NN	2509.88b	3919.39b			100	100
		RN	6908.57a	6373.94a			100	100
		CN	6566.59a	6465.38a			100	100
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		5.69*	31.54**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		223.58**	37.85**	128.19**	36.67**
	A×B		8.63*	6.17*
大豆 Soybean	IS	NN	1758.64a ns	1542.06a ns	5193.54c	8714.21b	36.81	28.93
		RN	1886.33a ns	1641.03a ns	13428.42a	11967.36a	24.43	25.07
		CN	1500.64b ns	1563.72a ns	12075.98b	12315.49a	20.03	24.54
	SS	NN	1868.60a	1368.34a			100	100
		RN	1911.30a	1458.22a			100	100
		CN	1578.86b	1314.32a			100	100
	种植模式 Plant pattern (A)		7.29*	16.05**
	施氮水平 N application (B)		67.79**	1.87ns	128.19**	36.67**
	A×B		0.89ns	0.224ns