秸秆覆盖与施磷对丘陵旱地小麦产量和磷素吸收利用效应的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.24.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】冬干春旱、土壤有机质和速效磷缺乏是四川丘陵旱地冬小麦生产的主要限制因素,通过研究休闲期秸秆覆盖还田和施磷对旱地冬小麦产量和磷素吸收利用的影响,以期为四川丘陵旱地小麦高产稳产及磷素高效利用提供技术方案。【方法】试验于2018—2020年在四川仁寿进行,采用裂区设计,以秸秆覆盖（SM）和不覆盖（NSM）为主区;3个磷水平0（P0）、75 kg·hm^-2（P75）和120（P120）kg·hm^-2为副区。分析秸秆覆盖和施磷下小麦干物质积累与转运、产量性状及磷素吸收利用的差异。【结果】秸秆覆盖的增产效应高于施磷效应。2018—2019和2019—2020年度秸秆覆盖处理较不覆盖处理小麦有效穗分别增加17.7%和8.48%,穗粒数增加15.6%和11.2%,产量提高18.6%和13.5%;两年度施磷75 kg·hm^-2较不施磷处理小麦有效穗分别增加18.2%和8.79%,穗粒数增加21.1%和6.09%,产量提高30.2%和16.1%;施磷120 kg·hm^-2比不施磷处理有效穗分别增加21.2%和9.53%,穗粒数增加20.2%和4.03%,产量提高31.8%和17.9%。秸秆覆盖显著提高了小麦开花期和成熟期的干物质、磷素积累量,且均随施磷量的增加而增加;同时秸秆覆盖与施磷均可显著提高小麦花前干物质和磷素转运、花后干物质和磷素积累能力。秸秆覆盖显著提高花前干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率,但降低了花前磷素转运量对籽粒的贡献率,而施磷显著提高了花前干物质转运量对籽粒的贡献率和花前磷素转运量对籽粒的贡献率。秋闲季秸秆覆盖还田促进了磷的吸收利用,磷肥吸收效率2年分别提高27.3%和23.7%,磷肥偏生产力提高17.8%和14.7%。【结论】秸秆覆盖更有利于促进花前干物质和磷素转运,同时促进花后磷素积累和提高磷肥吸收利用效率,通过增加有效穗和穗粒数实现增产。在本试验条件下,秸秆覆盖+75 kg·hm^-2磷肥是适用于四川丘陵旱地小麦高产高效的耕作栽培措施和磷肥管理方案。

关键词: 冬小麦, 秸秆覆盖, 施磷, 产量, 磷素吸收与利用

Abstract:

【Objective】 The main limiting factors of winter wheat production are less rainfall in winter and spring, low content of soil organic matter and serious lack of available phosphorus in hilly dryland of Sichuan province. In order to provide a technical scheme for the high and stable yield of wheat and phosphorus efficient utilization of dryland wheat in hilly region of Sichuan province, this experiment studied the effects of straw mulching in idle season and phosphorus application on dryland winter wheat yield, phosphorus absorption and utilization. 【Method】 A two-year experimental design from 2018 to 2020 in Renshou, Sichuan province was as follows: straw mulching (SM) or without straw mulching (NSM) as the main-plot treatment, and three kinds of phosphorus application of 0 (P0), 75 (P75) and 120 (P120) kg·hm^-2 as the sub-plot treatment. The differences of dry matter accumulation and transport, yield traits and phosphorus uptake and utilization of wheat were analyzed under straw mulching and phosphorus application. 【Result】 The yield increasing effect of straw mulching was higher than that of phosphorus application. In 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, compared with the non-mulched treatments, the effective spike, grain number per spike and yield of wheat in the mulched treatments were increased by 17.7% and 8.48%, 15.6% and 11.2%, 18.6% and 13.5%, respectively. Compared with no P application, the effective spike, grain number per spike and yield of wheat in 75 kg·hm^-2 P application for the two seasons of wheat increased by 18.2% and 8.79%, 21.1% and 6.09%, 30.2% and 16.1%, respectively. Similarly, compared with no P application, the effective spike, grain number per spike and yield of wheat in 120 kg·hm^-2 P application increased by 21.2% and 9.53%, 20.2% and 4.03%, 31.8% and 17.9% respectively. In addition, the straw mulching significantly increased the dry matter and phosphorus accumulation of wheat at anthesis and maturity stages, which were increased with the increase of phosphorus application. Additionally, straw mulching and phosphorus application significantly enhanced the amount of pre-anthesis dry matter and phosphate translocation, and improved the dry matter and phosphate accumulation of grain. Straw mulching also significantly increased the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter transporting to grain, but did not increased the contribution rate of pre-anthesis phosphorus transport to grain. While phosphate application significantly increased the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter and phosphorus transport to grain. Straw mulching before sowing promoted the absorption and utilization of phosphorus, the absorption efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer increased by 27.3% and 23.7%, respectively, and the partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer increased by 17.8% and 14.7%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Straw mulching was more beneficial to promote dry matter and phosphorus transport before anthesis, but also to promote phosphorus accumulation after anthesis and to improve the absorption and utilization efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer. The yield increase was achieved by increasing effective spike and grain number per spike. Overall, the straw mulching combined with 75 kg·hm^-2 phosphorus fertilizer was a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation measure and phosphorus fertilizer management plan for wheat in hilly dryland in Sichuan.

Key words: winter wheat, straw mulching, phosphorus application, yield, phosphorus absorption and utilization

向晓玲,陈松鹤,杨洪坤,杨永恒,樊高琼. 秸秆覆盖与施磷对丘陵旱地小麦产量和磷素吸收利用效应的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(24): 5194-5205.

XIANG XiaoLing,CHEN SongHe,YANG HongKun,YANG YongHeng,FAN GaoQiong. Effects of Straw Mulching and Phosphorus Application on Wheat Yield, Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization in Hilly Dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(24): 5194-5205.

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Available N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2018—2019	7.94	15.5	0.86	62.3	5.09	151
2019—2020	7.83	19.9	0.93	62.6	5.20	160

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		结实小穗 Effective small spikes	不实小穗 Invalid small spikes	有效穗 Effective spike (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	千粒重 Thousand-grain weight (g)	实际产量 Actual yield (kg·hm^-2)
2018—2019	NSM	P0	13.5±0.27b	1.87±0.07c	272±10c	36.7±0.38b	47.2±0.83a	5071±134b
		P75	14.4±0.47a	2.07±0.09b	319±6b	44.6±2.38a	46.5±1.04a	6706±116a
		P120	14.2±0.37ab	2.34±0.13a	329±10a	44.2±1.58a	46.5±0.61a	6634±140a
	均值Mean		14.0	2.09	307	41.8	46.7	6137
	SM	P0	16.4±0.06a	1.81±0.04a	319±6b	42.6±1.25b	46.1±0.54a	6046±84b
		P75	16.7±0.82a	1.83±0.06a	379±5a	51.4±0.96a	45.8±0.80a	7773±127a
		P120	16.6±0.48a	1.88±0.08a	386±5a	51.1±0.42a	45.6±1.14a	8020±289a
	均值Mean		16.6	1.84	361	48.4	45.8	7280
	F值 F-value	M	322.04**	24.7*	104.44**	1051.71**	2.21ns	2121.44**
		P	2.11ns	30.8**	197.65**	51.58**	1.11ns	160.32**
		M×P	0.51ns	17.3**	2.03ns	0.13ns	0.07ns	1.88ns
2019—2020	NSM	P0	13.9±0.22b	2.79±0.19b	311±15c	40.3±0.10b	53.8±0.15a	6285±290b
		P75	14.7±0.38a	2.89±0.25ab	360±3a	40.4±0.89b	53.3±0.72a	7196±240a
		P120	14.8±0.44a	3.09±0.12a	333±4b	42.3±0.33a	54.3±0.22a	7037±184a
	均值Mean		14.5	2.92	335	41.0	53.8	6839
	SM	P0	15.3±0.17b	2.76±0.02a	347±8b	43.5±0.11c	52.1±2.27a	6836±333b
		P75	15.9±0.44a	2.80±0.03a	355±2b	48.5±0.55a	53.7±0.38a	8032±334a
		P120	15.4±0.09ab	2.84±0.25a	387±11a	44.9±0.82b	54.6±0.45a	8429±214a
	均值Mean		15.56	2.80	363	45.6	53.5	7766
	F值 F-value	M	23.9*	44.6*	128.09**	149.83**	1.47ns	59.02**
		P	9.66**	2.19ns	25.85**	34.36**	2.81ns	31.43**
		M×P	3.58ns	0.69ns	19.05**	46.90**	1.77ns	3.45ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		花前积累的干物质DMABA			花后积累的干物质DMAAA
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		转运量 TA (kg·hm^-2)	转运率 TR (%)	对籽粒的贡献率 CG (%)	花后积累量 AA (kg·hm^-2)	对籽粒的贡献率 CG (%)
2018—2019	NSM	P0	2834±65c	26.8±0.10b	46.5±0.14c	3261±85b	53.5±0.14a
		P75	3449±74b	28.2±0.37a	47.6±0.47b	3798±94a	52.4±0.47a
		P120	3636±66a	28.3±0.73a	48.9±1.36a	3801±175a	51.1±1.36b
	均值Mean		3306	27.8	47.7	3620	52.3
	SM	P0	3537±20c	27.4±0.44b	47.4±0.67b	3929±90b	52.6±0.67a
		P75	4316±195b	30.3±0.71a	50.7±1.33a	4190±97a	49.3±1.33b
		P120	4636±148a	30.7±0.14a	51.7±0.41a	4331±73a	48.3±0.41b
	均值Mean		4163	29.5	49.9	4150	50.1
	F值 F-value	M	254.54**	117.90**	112.94**	352.23**	113.80**
		P	110.56**	57.32**	29.63**	36.40**	29.60**
		M×P	2.51ns	7.60*	3.71ns	2.71ns	3.70ns
2019—2020	NSM	P0	2083±79c	19.5±0.35c	29.7±0.58b	4929±61c	70.3±0.58a
		P75	2663±29b	21.8±0.09b	34.3±0.20a	5105±91b	65.7±0.20b
		P120	2896±39a	23.1±0.43a	35.1±0.13a	5352±76a	64.9±0.13b
	均值Mean		2547	21.5	33.0	5129	67.0
	SM	P0	2703±75c	22.6±0.48b	34.1±0.22c	5228±113b	65.9±0.22a
		P75	3560±132b	25.5±1.39a	40.0±1.05b	5390±96a	60.0±1.05b
		P120	3936±134a	26.8±0.70a	42.1±1.10a	5411±102a	57.9±1.10c
	均值Mean		3413	25.0	38.7	5343	61.3
	F值 F-value	M	1543.94**	165.52**	624.84**	218.89**	613.27**
		P	167.61**	44.80**	136.52**	22.60**	136.73**
		M×P	7.21*	0.29ns	4.67*	4.42ns	4.69*

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		花前积累的磷素PABA			花后积累的磷素PAAA
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		转运量 TA (kg·hm^-2)	转运率 TR (%)	对籽粒的贡献率 CG (%)	花后积累量 AA (kg·hm^-2)	对籽粒的贡献率 CG (%)
2018—2019	NSM	P0	11.79±0.47c	84.43±0.50b	76.91±0.31b	3.54±0.20a	23.1±0.31a
		P75	15.77±0.43b	85.45±0.27a	81.32±0.98a	3.62±0.17a	18.7±0.98b
		P120	17.62±0.13a	84.38±0.23b	80.98±0.66a	4.14±0.18a	19.02±0.66b
	均值Mean		15.06	84.75	79.74	3.77	20.26
	SM	P0	14.14±0.20c	82.23±0.60c	71.92±1.51b	5.52±0.36b	28.1±1.51a
		P75	18.02±0.59b	83.37±0.21b	73.56±1.08b	6.49±0.55a	26.4±1.08a
		P120	21.47±0.51a	84.33±0.10a	77.07±0.82a	6.39±0.44a	22.9±0.82b
	均值Mean		17.87	83.31	74.18	6.13	25.8
	F值 F-value	M	564.57**	707.40**	166.57**	629.26**	166.55**
		P	283.37**	23.37**	27.58**	5.22*	27.60**
		M×P	5.19*	23.13**	4.94*	1.85ns	4.95*
2019—2020	NSM	P0	13.31±0.74c	89.34±0.47b	86.87±1.27b	2.01±0.13b	13.1±1.27a
		P75	17.60±0.55b	90.55±0.31a	89.25±0.63a	2.12±0.10b	10.8±0.63b
		P120	19.01±0.58a	90.98±0.10a	88.23±1.40a	2.53±0.26a	11.8±1.40ab
	均值Mean		16.64	90.29	88.11	2.22	11.9
	SM	P0	14.65±0.51c	86.60±0.43b	79.02±0.93b	3.89±0.08b	21.0±0.93a
		P75	19.54±0.50b	87.10±0.53ab	81.64±1.37a	4.39±0.31a	18.4±1.37b
		P120	21.20±0.35a	87.57±0.23a	82.58±0.56a	4.47±0.14a	17.4±0.56b
	均值Mean		18.47	87.09	81.08	4.25	18.9
	F值 F-value	M	141.86**	167.07*	2567.86**	9783.88**	2793.79**
		P	518.02**	20.22**	15.40**	13.23**	15.37**
		M×P	2.43ns	1.72ns	2.71ns	1.94ns	2.69ns

指标 Index	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	间接通径系数 Indirect path coefficient
指标 Index	相关系数 Correlation coefficient	直接通径系数 Direct path coefficient	干物质积累量 DMA	磷素养分积累量 PA	结实小穗 ESS	不实小穗 ISS	有效穗 ES	穗粒数 GNPS	千粒重 TGW
干物质积累量DMA	0.89**	0.865	—	-0.364	0.034	-0.015	0.290	0.096	-0.019
磷素养分积累量PA	0.76**	-0.444	0.710	—	0.032	-0.002	0.304	0.150	0.009
结实小穗ESS	0.78**	0.040	0.735	-0.350	—	-0.019	0.282	0.106	-0.013
不实小穗 ISS	0.04	0.089	-0.149	0.007	-0.009	—	0.048	0.041	0.011
有效穗ES	0.85**	0.381	0.659	-0.354	0.030	0.011	—	0.131	-0.004
穗粒数 GNPS	0.59**	0.199	0.418	-0.334	0.022	0.018	0.251	—	0.018
千粒重 TGW	0.31	-0.049	0.332	0.078	0.010	-0.020	0.032	-0.074	—