节水减氮对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累转运及产量的调控效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.15.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对当前夏玉米生产中灌溉水资源不足和施氮过量的问题,本研究拟通过分析比较节水减氮模式与常规水氮模式对夏玉米生长和产量的调控效应,为开发夏玉米水肥减量增效的生产模式提供依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在陕西杨凌开展水氮二因素田间试验。灌溉设常规灌溉（800 m³·hm^-2）、减量灌溉（400 m³·hm^-2）和不灌溉（0）3个处理;施氮设常规施氮（300 kg N·hm^-2）、减施25%（225 kg N·hm^-2）、减施50%（150 kg N·hm^-2）、减施75%（75 kg N·hm^-2）和不施氮肥（0）5个处理,分析夏玉米产量、光合特性以及干物质（氮素）积累和转运特性。【结果】（1）减量灌溉、减氮25%的节水减氮模式较常规水氮模式对产量及产量构成因素无显著影响。（2）与常规水氮模式相比,减量灌溉、减氮25%对夏玉米叶面积指数（LAI）无显著影响,也能加快花前LAI上升速度且花后LAI下降缓慢;显著提高抽雄期穗位叶净光合速率10.0%,维持植株花后较高的穗位叶净光合速率,保证干物质生产。（3）减量灌溉和减氮25%较常规水氮模式对成熟期干物质积累量无显著影响,但干物质最大增长速率显著提高6.3%,最大增长速率出现日期显著提前0.8 d。（4）与常规水氮模式相比,减量灌溉、减氮25%处理花前干物质转运量、转运率和花前转运量对籽粒贡献率分别显著提高36.4%、40.1%和28.6%;花前氮素转运量、转运率以及转运量对籽粒的贡献率分别显著提高30.3%、22.0%和42.1%。花后干物质、氮素积累量以及对籽粒的贡献率在2种水肥模式下无差异。【结论】施氮225 kg·hm^-2、灌溉400 m³·hm^-2的节水减氮模式能有效协调干物质和氮素的积累和转运,提高成熟期籽粒同化物分配比例,实现关中平原夏玉米节水减肥增效的生产目标。

关键词: 夏玉米, 节水灌溉, 减量施氮, 干物质积累, 转运, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to solve the problems of irrigation water resources scarcity and excessive nitrogen input in current summer maize cropping system, this study analyzed the regulating effects of maize growth and yield response between water-saving, nitrogen reduction mode and conventional water-nitrogen mode, so as to provide a theoretical basis for determining water-saving and nitrogen-reduction cultivation measures of summer maize. 【Method】 A different irrigation and nitrogen application field trial of summer maize was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province in 2018-2019. Three irrigation treatments were conventional irrigation (800 m³·hm^-2), reduced irrigation (400 m³·hm^-2) and no irrigation (0); and five nitrogen treatments were as follows: conventional nitrogen application (300 kg N·hm^-2), reduced 25% (225 kg N·hm^-2), reduced 50% (150 kg N·hm^-2), reduced 75% (75 kg N·hm^-2) and no N fertilizer(0), respectively. The study investigated the effects of water saving and nitrogen reduction on maize yield, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter (nitrogen) accumulation and its transport characteristics.【Result】 (1) Compared with conventional water-nitrogen mode (conventional irrigation and 300 kg N·hm^-2), the water-saving and nitrogen reduction mode (reduced irrigation and 225 kg N·hm^-2) had no significant effect on maize yield and its components. (2) Compared with conventional water-nitrogen mode, the reduced irrigation and 225 kg N·hm^-2 treatment had no impact on maize leaf area index (LAI), its LAI increased obviously before anthesis and decreased slowly after anthesis than that under other treatments. The net photosynthetic rate of ear leaf significantly increased by 10.0% at tasseling stage, and kept a higher net photosynthetic rate till the post anthesis period, this promoted the dry matter accumulation. (3) Reduced irrigation and 225 kg N·hm^-2 had no remarkable influence on dry matter accumulation, but the maximum growth rate of dry matter accumulation was significantly increased by 6.3%, and occurred 0.8 days earlier. (4) The dry matter remobilization, remobilization efficiency and contribution of remobilization to grain efficiency in pre-anthesis of reduced irrigation and 225 kg N·hm^-2 treatment increased significantly by 36.4%, 40.1% and 28.6%, respectively. The nitrogen remobilization, remobilization efficiency and contribution of nitrogen remobilization to grain efficiency pre-anthesis increased significantly by 30.3%, 22.0% and 42.1%, respectively. However, there was no difference in dry matter (nitrogen) accumulation and contribution efficiency to grain under the two type water and nitrogen modes. 【Conclusion】 Comprehensively, the water-saving and nitrogen reduction mode (400 m³·hm^-2 irrigation amount and 225 kg N·hm^-2) could effectively coordinate dry matter (nitrogen) accumulation and its transportation, and increased the distribution ratio of dry matter and nitrogen in maize grain, which could achieve the production goal of water saving and nitrogen reduction of summer maize in Guanzhong plain.

Key words: summer maize, water-saving irrigation, reduced nitrogen application, dry matter accumulation, transportation, yield

王旭敏,雒文鹤,刘朋召,张琦,王瑞,李军. 节水减氮对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累转运及产量的调控效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(15): 3183-3197.

WANG XuMin,LUO WenHe,LIU PengZhao,ZHANG Qi,WANG Rui,LI Jun. Regulation Effects of Water Saving and Nitrogen Reduction on Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation, Transportation and Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(15): 3183-3197.

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年份 Year	有机质 OM (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate N (mg·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2018	17.06	1.24	12.46	0.99	32.59	10.85	223.87
2019	16.95	1.20	14.53	1.04	36.76	9.96	215.19

指标 Indicator		灌溉 Irrigation (I)	施氮 Nitrogen (N)	灌溉×施氮 I×N
叶面积指数LAI	抽雄期VT	208.16***	1054.94***	12.60**
叶面积指数LAI	成熟期R6	401.31***	408.48***	6.97**
净光合速率Pn	抽雄期VT	51668.07***	64135.53***	4885.87**
净光合速率Pn	成熟期R6	12623.77***	61563.93***	5228.69**
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation	抽雄期VT	155.34***	172.16***	24.82**
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation	成熟期R6	646.58 ***	318.62***	13.42**
干物质转运 Dry matter remobilization	花前转运量DMR	35.00***	16.57***	10.33**
	花前转运率DMRE	12.38***	6.32**	3.84***
	花前转运贡献率DMRCG	11.87***	9.27**	5.38***
	花后转运量DMA	79.46***	67.64***	5.83***
	花后转运贡献率DMAC	11.87***	9.27***	5.38***
氮素转运 Nitrogen remobilization	花前转运量NR	314.82*	503.62***	64.96***
	花前转运率NRE	76.54*	80.36***	20.22**
	花前转运贡献率NRCG	32.91**	33.74***	25.18**
	花后转运量NA	110.53***	380.39***	18.61***
	花后转运贡献率NAC	30.91**	33.74***	25.18***
产量及构成因素 Yield and components	产量Yield	237.86***	201.22***	2.67***
	穗数Ear number	35.73***	8.87***	9.93***
	穗粒数Grains per ear	170.74***	16.55***	5.41***
	百粒重100-kernel weight	28.21***	38.18***	3.08***

处理 Treatment		2018					2019
		花前 Pre-anthesis			花后 Post anthesis		花前 Pre-anthesis			花后 Post anthesis
				DMR (kg·hm^-2)	DMRE (%)	DMRCG (%)	DMA (kg·hm^-2)	DMAC (%)	DMR (kg·hm^-2)	DMRE (%)	DMRCG (%)	DMA (kg·hm^-2)	DMAC (%)
W0	N0	1066b	18.69b	17.41a	5201e	82.59c	756b	14.34b	14.48a	6104d	85.52b
	N75	965b	14.93cd	12.99b	7262d	87.01b	628b	10.97b	8.11b	8443c	91.89a
	N150	1378a	22.32a	16.98a	9094a	83.02c	1177a	19.86a	14.58a	8718bc	85.42b
	N225	959b	16.34bc	11.91b	8696b	88.09ab	623b	11.56b	7.35a	10063a	92.65a
	N300	672c	12.22d	9.51c	7993c	90.49a	847b	14.51b	10.05ab	9458ab	89.95ab
W1	N0	1243c	19.60c	18.13b	6857e	81.87b	1177b	20.01b	15.17b	8068d	84.83b
	N75	1671b	23.21b	19.26b	8813d	80.74b	1673a	24.10a	19.20a	8675c	80.80c
	N150	2459a	30.10a	25.91a	9314c	74.09c	1727a	25.15a	17.52ab	10429b	82.48bc
	N225	1657b	23.36b	17.02b	10752b	82.98b	1638a	21.49b	15.81b	10446b	84.19b
	N300	674d	12.33d	7.63c	11602a	92.37a	697c	8.89c	6.51c	12559a	93.49a
W2	N0	1002bc	15.59ab	13.68b	6851d	86.32c	943b	14.43c	13.68b	8424d	86.32b
	N75	1423a	17.31a	16.52a	7301c	83.48d	1765a	23.25a	19.05a	8919c	80.95c
	N150	1109b	14.20b	11.42c	10285b	88.58bc	1495a	18.99b	14.71b	10434b	85.29b
	N225	728d	10.44c	7.27d	11967a	92.73a	905b	11.97c	9.11c	11385a	90.89a
	N300	850cd	11.30c	9.81c	9546b	90.19b	1565a	20.67a	15.77b	10839a	84.23b
F-value	W	198.1**	134.8*	112.0*	910.7**	112.0**	114.8*	43.8**	26.9**	101.2**	26.9***
	N	148.2**	69.0**	106.5**	1630.8*	106.5**	33.3**	27.0**	20.7**	172.0**	20.7***
	W*N	47.1**	20.0**	31.8**	156.9**	31.8**	27.9**	26.6**	17.8**	13.6**	17.8**

处理 Treatment		2018					2019
		花前 Pre-anthesis			花后 Post anthesis		花前 Pre-anthesis			花后 Post anthesis
				NR (kg·hm^-2)	NRE (%)	NRCG (%)	NA (kg·hm^-2)	NAC (%)	NR (kg·hm^-2)	NRE (%)	NRCG (%)	NA (kg·hm^-2)	NAC (%)
W0	N0	29.35d	45.18a	43.68a	34.23e	56.32b	23.47c	43.01bc	42.51b	49.70c	57.49b
	N75	42.29b	42.57a	39.95b	55.30c	60.05a	39.56b	45.85abc	35.81c	67.77b	64.19a
	N150	48.12a	43.91a	44.26a	53.33d	55.74c	49.62a	48.87ab	42.72b	57.28b	57.28b
	N225	47.47a	43.37a	42.17ab	69.84a	57.83b	52.19a	49.52a	47.07a	67.33b	52.93c
	N300	38.44c	38.13b	40.97ab	64.44b	59.03a	40.37b	40.23c	36.64c	87.49a	63.36a
W1	N0	35.73d	42.59c	42.98b	37.14e	57.02b	27.66e	46.90ab	35.92c	58.37b	64.08a
	N75	54.60b	44.99b	43.47b	61.25c	56.53b	49.79d	46.35b	47.35ab	40.87d	52.65bc
	N150	65.24a	49.01a	48.56a	55.16d	51.44c	65.89c	48.35a	50.11a	52.95c	49.89c
	N225	65.74a	47.25a	48.38a	68.94b	51.62c	72.24a	46.55b	48.13ab	61.07b	51.87bc
	N300	43.87c	42.74c	35.27c	77.67a	64.73a	61.82b	43.74c	42.73b	84.87a	57.27b
W2	N0	36.47d	38.88b	38.04c	44.68e	61.96b	33.89d	45.92b	37.77b	66.57bc	62.23a
	N75	59.37a	42.45a	48.49a	49.30d	51.51d	57.54b	47.88a	49.28a	59.27c	50.72b
	N150	58.04a	39.48b	41.27b	65.06c	58.73c	61.94a	44.53b	44.40a	72.50b	55.60b
	N225	43.82c	35.24c	32.08d	88.82b	67.92a	47.28c	35.98c	37.46b	74.66b	62.54a
	N300	51.32b	38.41b	32.07d	97.66a	67.93a	49.32c	37.91c	35.84b	83.74a	64.16a
F-value	W	410.81**	72.3***	45.94***	1012.73***	45.94***	96.61**	17.81***	8.79***	56.53**	8.79**
	N	538.88**	9.63***	41.76**	3509.06***	41.76***	203.71**	23.39***	13.27**	77.25***	13.27***
	W×N	82.21***	10.23***	27.78***	280.55***	27.78***	33.61***	13.93***	10.73***	14.65***	10.73*

处理 Treatment		2018				2019
处理 Treatment		穗数 Ear number (No./hm²)	穗粒 Grain number per ear	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	穗数 Ear number (No./hm²)	穗粒 Grain number per ear	百粒重 100-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
W0	N0	56984b	405bc	26.89b	6161c	57025c	399de	28.21bc	5252c
	N75	57203b	416b	27.74b	7422b	57833b	409d	29.59b	7871b
	N150	57714a	460ab	28.24ab	8045a	57826a	448b	30.08b	8482a
	N225	58143a	485a	31.79a	8107a	58001a	470a	32.61a	8676a
	N300	58006a	424b	30.79b	8257a	58356a	423c	32.41a	8444a
W1	N0	57267c	446c	28.99c	7065c	57205c	426b	29.9c	6865d
	N75	57894b	499b	32.02b	8652b	58014b	489a	32.35bc	8705c
	N150	58259a	513a	32.73a	9390ab	58509a	497a	32.72b	9556b
	N225	58497a	519a	33.41a	9729a	58817a	503a	34.42a	10451a
	N300	58123a	517a	32.55b	9619a	58443a	495a	32.67b	10508a
W2	N0	57195b	466b	30.48c	7323c	57963b	463c	31.37bc	6891c
	N75	58259a	495ab	32.7ab	8612b	58375a	483b	32.59b	9259b
	N150	58251a	508b	34.07a	9707a	58201ab	509a	33.7b	9664ab
	N225	58506a	515a	33.25a	10016a	57956b	520a	34.73a	9982a
	N300	58212a	520a	32.61b	9802a	58730a	510a	34.18a	9926a
F-value	W	11.06**	20.58***	63.92***	177.82***	83.12***	10.12**	1.02^NS	33.93***
	N	25.61***	101.89***	198.10***	208.64***	408.96***	91.48***	11.87***	72.48***
	W×N	2.88**	4.78**	16.28***	3.62**	16.78**	3.90**	2.40*	3.54*