中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (15): 3183-3197.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.15.004
收稿日期:
2020-10-07
接受日期:
2021-01-05
出版日期:
2021-08-01
发布日期:
2021-08-10
通讯作者:
李军
作者简介:
王旭敏,E-mail: 基金资助:
WANG XuMin(),LUO WenHe,LIU PengZhao,ZHANG Qi,WANG Rui,LI Jun(
)
Received:
2020-10-07
Accepted:
2021-01-05
Online:
2021-08-01
Published:
2021-08-10
Contact:
Jun LI
摘要:
【目的】 针对当前夏玉米生产中灌溉水资源不足和施氮过量的问题,本研究拟通过分析比较节水减氮模式与常规水氮模式对夏玉米生长和产量的调控效应,为开发夏玉米水肥减量增效的生产模式提供依据。【方法】 于2018—2019年在陕西杨凌开展水氮二因素田间试验。灌溉设常规灌溉(800 m3·hm-2)、减量灌溉(400 m3·hm-2)和不灌溉(0)3个处理;施氮设常规施氮(300 kg N·hm-2)、减施25%(225 kg N·hm-2)、减施50%(150 kg N·hm-2)、减施75%(75 kg N·hm-2)和不施氮肥(0)5个处理,分析夏玉米产量、光合特性以及干物质(氮素)积累和转运特性。【结果】 (1)减量灌溉、减氮25%的节水减氮模式较常规水氮模式对产量及产量构成因素无显著影响。(2)与常规水氮模式相比,减量灌溉、减氮25%对夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)无显著影响,也能加快花前LAI上升速度且花后LAI下降缓慢;显著提高抽雄期穗位叶净光合速率10.0%,维持植株花后较高的穗位叶净光合速率,保证干物质生产。(3)减量灌溉和减氮25%较常规水氮模式对成熟期干物质积累量无显著影响,但干物质最大增长速率显著提高6.3%,最大增长速率出现日期显著提前0.8 d。(4)与常规水氮模式相比,减量灌溉、减氮25%处理花前干物质转运量、转运率和花前转运量对籽粒贡献率分别显著提高36.4%、40.1%和28.6%;花前氮素转运量、转运率以及转运量对籽粒的贡献率分别显著提高30.3%、22.0%和42.1%。花后干物质、氮素积累量以及对籽粒的贡献率在2种水肥模式下无差异。【结论】 施氮225 kg·hm-2、灌溉400 m3·hm-2的节水减氮模式能有效协调干物质和氮素的积累和转运,提高成熟期籽粒同化物分配比例,实现关中平原夏玉米节水减肥增效的生产目标。
王旭敏,雒文鹤,刘朋召,张琦,王瑞,李军. 节水减氮对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累转运及产量的调控效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(15): 3183-3197.
WANG XuMin,LUO WenHe,LIU PengZhao,ZHANG Qi,WANG Rui,LI Jun. Regulation Effects of Water Saving and Nitrogen Reduction on Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation, Transportation and Yield of Summer Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(15): 3183-3197.
表2
灌溉、施氮对夏玉米生理指标、干物质(氮素)转运、产量及构成因素的方差分析"
指标 Indicator | 灌溉 Irrigation (I) | 施氮 Nitrogen (N) | 灌溉×施氮 I×N | |
---|---|---|---|---|
叶面积指数LAI | 抽雄期VT | 208.16*** | 1054.94*** | 12.60** |
成熟期R6 | 401.31*** | 408.48*** | 6.97** | |
净光合速率Pn | 抽雄期VT | 51668.07*** | 64135.53*** | 4885.87** |
成熟期R6 | 12623.77*** | 61563.93*** | 5228.69** | |
干物质积累 Dry matter accumulation | 抽雄期VT | 155.34*** | 172.16*** | 24.82** |
成熟期R6 | 646.58 *** | 318.62*** | 13.42** | |
干物质转运 Dry matter remobilization | 花前转运量DMR | 35.00*** | 16.57*** | 10.33** |
花前转运率DMRE | 12.38*** | 6.32** | 3.84*** | |
花前转运贡献率DMRCG | 11.87*** | 9.27** | 5.38*** | |
花后转运量DMA | 79.46*** | 67.64*** | 5.83*** | |
花后转运贡献率DMAC | 11.87*** | 9.27*** | 5.38*** | |
氮素转运 Nitrogen remobilization | 花前转运量NR | 314.82* | 503.62*** | 64.96*** |
花前转运率NRE | 76.54* | 80.36*** | 20.22** | |
花前转运贡献率NRCG | 32.91** | 33.74*** | 25.18** | |
花后转运量NA | 110.53*** | 380.39*** | 18.61*** | |
花后转运贡献率NAC | 30.91** | 33.74*** | 25.18*** | |
产量及构成因素 Yield and components | 产量Yield | 237.86*** | 201.22*** | 2.67*** |
穗数Ear number | 35.73*** | 8.87*** | 9.93*** | |
穗粒数Grains per ear | 170.74*** | 16.55*** | 5.41*** | |
百粒重100-kernel weight | 28.21*** | 38.18*** | 3.08*** |
表3
不同节水减氮模式下夏玉米开花前后营养器官干物质转运及对籽粒干物积累的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
花前 Pre-anthesis | 花后 Post anthesis | 花前 Pre-anthesis | 花后 Post anthesis | ||||||||
DMR (kg·hm-2) | DMRE (%) | DMRCG (%) | DMA (kg·hm-2) | DMAC (%) | DMR (kg·hm-2) | DMRE (%) | DMRCG (%) | DMA (kg·hm-2) | DMAC (%) | ||
W0 | N0 | 1066b | 18.69b | 17.41a | 5201e | 82.59c | 756b | 14.34b | 14.48a | 6104d | 85.52b |
N75 | 965b | 14.93cd | 12.99b | 7262d | 87.01b | 628b | 10.97b | 8.11b | 8443c | 91.89a | |
N150 | 1378a | 22.32a | 16.98a | 9094a | 83.02c | 1177a | 19.86a | 14.58a | 8718bc | 85.42b | |
N225 | 959b | 16.34bc | 11.91b | 8696b | 88.09ab | 623b | 11.56b | 7.35a | 10063a | 92.65a | |
N300 | 672c | 12.22d | 9.51c | 7993c | 90.49a | 847b | 14.51b | 10.05ab | 9458ab | 89.95ab | |
W1 | N0 | 1243c | 19.60c | 18.13b | 6857e | 81.87b | 1177b | 20.01b | 15.17b | 8068d | 84.83b |
N75 | 1671b | 23.21b | 19.26b | 8813d | 80.74b | 1673a | 24.10a | 19.20a | 8675c | 80.80c | |
N150 | 2459a | 30.10a | 25.91a | 9314c | 74.09c | 1727a | 25.15a | 17.52ab | 10429b | 82.48bc | |
N225 | 1657b | 23.36b | 17.02b | 10752b | 82.98b | 1638a | 21.49b | 15.81b | 10446b | 84.19b | |
N300 | 674d | 12.33d | 7.63c | 11602a | 92.37a | 697c | 8.89c | 6.51c | 12559a | 93.49a | |
W2 | N0 | 1002bc | 15.59ab | 13.68b | 6851d | 86.32c | 943b | 14.43c | 13.68b | 8424d | 86.32b |
N75 | 1423a | 17.31a | 16.52a | 7301c | 83.48d | 1765a | 23.25a | 19.05a | 8919c | 80.95c | |
N150 | 1109b | 14.20b | 11.42c | 10285b | 88.58bc | 1495a | 18.99b | 14.71b | 10434b | 85.29b | |
N225 | 728d | 10.44c | 7.27d | 11967a | 92.73a | 905b | 11.97c | 9.11c | 11385a | 90.89a | |
N300 | 850cd | 11.30c | 9.81c | 9546b | 90.19b | 1565a | 20.67a | 15.77b | 10839a | 84.23b | |
F-value | W | 198.1** | 134.8* | 112.0* | 910.7** | 112.0** | 114.8* | 43.8** | 26.9** | 101.2** | 26.9*** |
N | 148.2** | 69.0** | 106.5** | 1630.8* | 106.5** | 33.3** | 27.0** | 20.7** | 172.0** | 20.7*** | |
W*N | 47.1** | 20.0** | 31.8** | 156.9** | 31.8** | 27.9** | 26.6** | 17.8** | 13.6** | 17.8** |
表4
不同节水减氮模式下夏玉米开花前后营养器官氮素转运及对籽粒氮素积累的贡献"
处理 Treatment | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
花前 Pre-anthesis | 花后 Post anthesis | 花前 Pre-anthesis | 花后 Post anthesis | ||||||||
NR (kg·hm-2) | NRE (%) | NRCG (%) | NA (kg·hm-2) | NAC (%) | NR (kg·hm-2) | NRE (%) | NRCG (%) | NA (kg·hm-2) | NAC (%) | ||
W0 | N0 | 29.35d | 45.18a | 43.68a | 34.23e | 56.32b | 23.47c | 43.01bc | 42.51b | 49.70c | 57.49b |
N75 | 42.29b | 42.57a | 39.95b | 55.30c | 60.05a | 39.56b | 45.85abc | 35.81c | 67.77b | 64.19a | |
N150 | 48.12a | 43.91a | 44.26a | 53.33d | 55.74c | 49.62a | 48.87ab | 42.72b | 57.28b | 57.28b | |
N225 | 47.47a | 43.37a | 42.17ab | 69.84a | 57.83b | 52.19a | 49.52a | 47.07a | 67.33b | 52.93c | |
N300 | 38.44c | 38.13b | 40.97ab | 64.44b | 59.03a | 40.37b | 40.23c | 36.64c | 87.49a | 63.36a | |
W1 | N0 | 35.73d | 42.59c | 42.98b | 37.14e | 57.02b | 27.66e | 46.90ab | 35.92c | 58.37b | 64.08a |
N75 | 54.60b | 44.99b | 43.47b | 61.25c | 56.53b | 49.79d | 46.35b | 47.35ab | 40.87d | 52.65bc | |
N150 | 65.24a | 49.01a | 48.56a | 55.16d | 51.44c | 65.89c | 48.35a | 50.11a | 52.95c | 49.89c | |
N225 | 65.74a | 47.25a | 48.38a | 68.94b | 51.62c | 72.24a | 46.55b | 48.13ab | 61.07b | 51.87bc | |
N300 | 43.87c | 42.74c | 35.27c | 77.67a | 64.73a | 61.82b | 43.74c | 42.73b | 84.87a | 57.27b | |
W2 | N0 | 36.47d | 38.88b | 38.04c | 44.68e | 61.96b | 33.89d | 45.92b | 37.77b | 66.57bc | 62.23a |
N75 | 59.37a | 42.45a | 48.49a | 49.30d | 51.51d | 57.54b | 47.88a | 49.28a | 59.27c | 50.72b | |
N150 | 58.04a | 39.48b | 41.27b | 65.06c | 58.73c | 61.94a | 44.53b | 44.40a | 72.50b | 55.60b | |
N225 | 43.82c | 35.24c | 32.08d | 88.82b | 67.92a | 47.28c | 35.98c | 37.46b | 74.66b | 62.54a | |
N300 | 51.32b | 38.41b | 32.07d | 97.66a | 67.93a | 49.32c | 37.91c | 35.84b | 83.74a | 64.16a | |
F-value | W | 410.81** | 72.3*** | 45.94*** | 1012.73*** | 45.94*** | 96.61** | 17.81*** | 8.79*** | 56.53** | 8.79** |
N | 538.88** | 9.63*** | 41.76** | 3509.06*** | 41.76*** | 203.71** | 23.39*** | 13.27** | 77.25*** | 13.27*** | |
W×N | 82.21*** | 10.23*** | 27.78*** | 280.55*** | 27.78*** | 33.61*** | 13.93*** | 10.73*** | 14.65*** | 10.73* |
表5
节水减氮处理对2018—2019年玉米产量的影响"
处理 Treatment | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
穗数 Ear number (No./hm2) | 穗粒 Grain number per ear | 百粒重 100-kernel weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | 穗数 Ear number (No./hm2) | 穗粒 Grain number per ear | 百粒重 100-kernel weight (g) | 产量 Yield (kg·hm-2) | ||
W0 | N0 | 56984b | 405bc | 26.89b | 6161c | 57025c | 399de | 28.21bc | 5252c |
N75 | 57203b | 416b | 27.74b | 7422b | 57833b | 409d | 29.59b | 7871b | |
N150 | 57714a | 460ab | 28.24ab | 8045a | 57826a | 448b | 30.08b | 8482a | |
N225 | 58143a | 485a | 31.79a | 8107a | 58001a | 470a | 32.61a | 8676a | |
N300 | 58006a | 424b | 30.79b | 8257a | 58356a | 423c | 32.41a | 8444a | |
W1 | N0 | 57267c | 446c | 28.99c | 7065c | 57205c | 426b | 29.9c | 6865d |
N75 | 57894b | 499b | 32.02b | 8652b | 58014b | 489a | 32.35bc | 8705c | |
N150 | 58259a | 513a | 32.73a | 9390ab | 58509a | 497a | 32.72b | 9556b | |
N225 | 58497a | 519a | 33.41a | 9729a | 58817a | 503a | 34.42a | 10451a | |
N300 | 58123a | 517a | 32.55b | 9619a | 58443a | 495a | 32.67b | 10508a | |
W2 | N0 | 57195b | 466b | 30.48c | 7323c | 57963b | 463c | 31.37bc | 6891c |
N75 | 58259a | 495ab | 32.7ab | 8612b | 58375a | 483b | 32.59b | 9259b | |
N150 | 58251a | 508b | 34.07a | 9707a | 58201ab | 509a | 33.7b | 9664ab | |
N225 | 58506a | 515a | 33.25a | 10016a | 57956b | 520a | 34.73a | 9982a | |
N300 | 58212a | 520a | 32.61b | 9802a | 58730a | 510a | 34.18a | 9926a | |
F-value | W | 11.06** | 20.58*** | 63.92*** | 177.82*** | 83.12*** | 10.12** | 1.02NS | 33.93*** |
N | 25.61*** | 101.89*** | 198.10*** | 208.64*** | 408.96*** | 91.48*** | 11.87*** | 72.48*** | |
W×N | 2.88** | 4.78** | 16.28*** | 3.62** | 16.78** | 3.90** | 2.40* | 3.54* |
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