辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下温室番茄生长与水肥利用研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】在辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下,探讨不同灌溉量对番茄开花坐果期生长和水肥利用效能的影响,为日光温室番茄高效生产提供科学依据。【方法】在内嵌基质土垄栽培条件下,以番茄“丰收”杂交种为供试品种,采用营养液滴灌。灌溉模式分为常规时间间隔灌溉（以下称“常规灌溉”,CK）和辐射累积量控制灌溉两种,其中辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式分为低灌溉量（T1）、中灌溉量（T2）和高灌溉量（T3）,研究不同灌溉模式和灌溉量的番茄开花坐果期生长和水肥利用效能的差异。【结果】相比于处理CK,处理T1、T2和T3的灌溉量分别减少了39.3%、30.3%和14.0%,而且灌溉量越大,基质水分含量越高,处理CK>T3>T2>T1。辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式有利于番茄营养和生殖生长,显著提高了番茄生物量,相比于处理CK,处理T1、T2和T3的番茄生物量分别提高了57.1%、75.3%和32.7%;其中,处理T2的番茄生物量达到102.9 g/株,也显著高于处理T1和T3。辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式晴天的灌溉量多于阴天,而且中午的灌溉量多于早晨和下午,与植株对水肥的需求相匹配;此外,该灌溉模式有效节约了水肥,避免了水肥的浪费,相比于处理CK,在晴天和阴天时,处理T3的废液排出率分别减少了62.5%和72.6%。该灌溉模式下的适宜灌溉量也显著提高了番茄产量和灌溉水分利用效率,相比于处理CK,处理T2的产量增加了14.2%,达到61.3 t·hm^-2,灌溉水分利用效率提高了34.1%,灌溉量过少则抑制了植株产量的提高。【结论】辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式能够促进番茄的生长,有效节约了水肥。其中处理T2灌溉量533.0 m³·hm^-2,可作为日光温室番茄开花坐果期的参考营养液灌溉量。

关键词: 辐射累积量, 灌溉量, 水肥利用, 开花坐果期, 番茄

Abstract:

【Objective】 Under the irrigation mode controlled by cumulative radiation, the objective of this paper was to study on the effects of different irrigation amount on tomato growth, water and fertilizer utilization in tomato flowering and fruit-set stage, so as to provide the scientific basis for tomato efficient production in Chinese solar greenhouse. 【Method】 Under the condition of soil ridge substrate embedded cultivation to test “harvest” hybrid tomato by the nutrient solution drip irrigation, irrigation mode was divided into regular time interval irrigation (hereinafter referred to as “normal irrigation”, CK) and irrigation controlled by cumulative radiation, which was divided into low irrigation (T1), middle irrigation (T2) and high irrigation (T3). It researched on the irrigation modes and amount difference of growth, development, and water and fertilizer utilization in tomato flowering and fruit-set stage. 【Result】Compared with CK, the irrigation amount of T1, T2 and T3 reduced by 39.3%, 30.3% and 14.0%, respectively. The greater irrigation amount was, the higher substrate moisture content was, as follow: CK > T3 > T2 > T1. Irrigation mode controlled by cumulative radiation was better for tomato vegetative and reproductive growth, and significantly improved tomato biomass. Compared with treatment CK, the tomato biomass of T1, T2 and T3 had increased by 57.1%, 75.3% and 32.7%, respectively. Among them, the tomato biomass of treatment T2 was 102.9 g·plant^-1, which was also significantly higher than that of T1 and T3. Controlled by cumulative radiation, irrigation amount on sunny day was more than that on cloudy day, and irrigation amount on noon time was more than that on morning and afternoon, which was more consistent with the plant's demand for water and fertilizer. Besides, it saved the water and fertilizer and avoided the waste of water and fertilizer. Compared with CK, the drainage rate of T3 on sunny and cloudy day reduced by 62.5% and 72.6%, respectively. The suitable irrigation amount controlled by cumulative radiation also significantly improved tomato yield and irrigation water utilization efficiency. Compared with CK, the tomato yield of T2 was improved by 14.2%, reached to 61.3 t·hm^-2, and the irrigation water utilization efficiency was improved by 34.1%. Too little irrigation amount inhibited the production of plants. 【Conclusion】 Irrigation mode controlled by cumulative radiation could promote growth and effectively save water and fertilizer. Among them, the irrigation amount of T2 was 533.0 m³·hm^-2, which could be used as a referenced nutrient solution for tomato flowering and fruit-set stage in Chinese solar greenhouse.

Key words: cumulative radiation, irrigation amount, water and fertilizer utilization, flowering and fruit-set stage, tomato

魏晓然, 程瑞锋, 杨其长, 和永康, 张晨. 辐射累积量控制的灌溉模式下温室番茄生长与水肥利用研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(18): 3531-3541.

XiaoRan WEI, RuiFeng CHENG, QiChang YANG, YongKang HE, Chen ZHANG. Research of the Irrigation Mode Controlled by Cumulative Radiation on Tomato Growth and Water and Fertilizer Utilization in Greenhouse[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3531-3541.

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时期 Time	处理 Treatment	每次灌溉量 Each irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	总灌溉量 Total irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	施肥量 Nutrient rates（kg·hm^-2）
时期 Time	处理 Treatment	每次灌溉量 Each irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	总灌溉量 Total irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
花期 Flowering stage	CK	1.3	319.3	51.8	28.9	83.1
	T1	2.0	199.8	32.4	18.1	52.0
	T2	2.3	229.0	37.2	20.8	59.6
	T3	2.5	258.3	41.9	23.4	67.2
坐果期 Fruit-set stage	CK	2.3	445.8	72.3	40.4	116.1
	T1	2.3	264.8	43.0	24.0	68.9
	T2	2.5	304.0	49.3	27.6	79.1
	T3	3.5	399.8	64.8	36.2	104.1

日期 Date	天气 Weather	灌溉量Irrigation amount (m³·hm^-2)				排出量Drainage amount (m³·hm^-2)		排出率Drainage ratio (%)
日期 Date	天气 Weather	CK	T1	T2	T3	CK	T3	CK	T3
Dec. 1	多云Cloudy	21.3	10.6	11.8	17.1	10.2	1.8	47.9	10.5
Dec. 2	阴 Overcast	20.7	5.8	7.1	10.3	10.4	1.2	50.3	11.8
Dec. 3	阴 Overcast	21.4	7.7	9.4	13.5	11.1	2.5	51.8	18.8
Dec. 4	晴 Sunny	22.7	9.7	11.8	16.8	6.4	2.0	28.3	12.1
Dec. 5	晴 Sunny	22.3	9.7	11.8	16.8	6.1	1.5	27.4	8.7
Dec. 6	晴 Sunny	22.0	10.7	11.8	16.8	6.5	1.9	29.7	11.4