盆栽番茄对NaCl和Na2SO4微咸水灌溉的生理响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.03.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】微咸水灌溉是干旱地区增加灌溉水源，缓解农业用水短缺的重要手段之一。但不合理的灌溉水质会严重限制植物的生理活性和生长。开展不同盐类型的微咸水灌溉对番茄叶片生理变化影响的研究，有利于从生理水平揭示盐敏感型作物番茄对不同类型盐的耐受机理，对农业生产以及利用微咸水进行节水控盐具有重要意义。【方法】以番茄为研究对象进行微咸水灌溉盆栽试验，设置灌溉水的盐类型（NaCl（T1）和Na₂SO₄（T2））和盐度（0、1.5（S1）、3.0（S2）、4.5（S3）和6.0（S4） dS·m^-1）两个因素，分析各生育期番茄植株受不同类型和程度胁迫后叶片气体交换参数、渗透与抗氧化生理调节、离子平衡等生理指标的变化规律，探讨NaCl、Na₂SO₄胁迫下番茄光合能力下降程度差异的产生原因。【结果】微咸水灌溉引起了番茄生育后期（成熟采摘期）和高盐度（S4）处理下叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）与CK相比的显著下降，番茄叶片脯氨酸（pro）、可溶性糖（SS）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片Na⁺含量在盐胁迫和生育期推进中不断积累 (P<0.05)，超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）在生育后期随盐度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势。T1胁迫下P_n、G_s和T_r的最高下降幅度可达44.13%、64.53%和33.75%，而pro、SS、MDA、Na⁺的增幅可达CK的2.31、0.77、0.55和5.81倍。两种盐胁迫下SS、SOD和K⁺/Na⁺三项指标与P_n关联度发生了明显变化，其中，T1处理下SS与P_n回归直线斜率显著高于T2(P<0.05)，T1处理下SOD与P_n回归直线斜率显著低于T2(P<0.05)，K⁺/Na⁺与P_n回归曲线表现为T1曲线相对偏左。主成分分析结果表明，对于T1处理，SOD活性值更高，在P_n稳定中有重要作用，但生育后期受到抑制，仅能在一定程度上提升水分利用效率；对于T2处理，各生理指标受到胁迫较轻，其中SS积累与光合产物相关，能够促进生物量积累。【结论】盐胁迫导致叶片吸收过量Na⁺，引起番茄净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的下降，丙二醛在叶片的积累；同时，叶片提高超氧化物歧化酶活性以及脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量来应对胁迫。相同灌水盐度下，NaCl胁迫下番茄叶片净光合速率、气孔导度受影响程度更大，可溶性糖维持了Na₂SO₄胁迫下净光合速率的稳定，超氧化物歧化酶在NaCl胁迫下能够保护光合系统；净光合速率相同时，NaCl处理需要保持更高的叶片K⁺/Na⁺水平。Na₂SO₄胁迫的番茄叶片受胁迫影响较小；而在盐度相同时，NaCl胁迫下番茄具有更高的水分利用效率。推荐主要含NaCl的微咸水灌溉盐度应小于3 dS·m^-1，主要含Na₂SO₄的微咸水灌溉盐度不超过4.5 dS·m^-1。

关键词: 番茄, 微咸水灌溉, 钠盐胁迫, 光合作用, 植物生理

Abstract:

【Objective】Brackish water irrigation is one of the important means to increase irrigation water sources and to alleviate the shortage of agricultural water in arid areas. However, unreasonable irrigation water quality can severely limit the physiological activity and growth of plants. Carrying out research on the effects of different salt types of brackish water irrigation on the physiological changes of tomato leaves is conducive to reveal the mechanisms of salt tolerance to different types of salt in the salt-sensitive crop tomato at the physiological level, which is of great significance to agricultural production as well as to the use of brackish water for water conservation and salt control. 【Method】In this study, tomato was used as an object of study in a brackish water irrigation pot experiment, and the two factors of irrigation water salt type (NaCl (T1) and Na₂SO₄ (T2)) and salinity (0, 1.5 (S1), 3.0(S2), 4.5 (S3) and 6.0 (S4) dS·m^-1) were set to analyze the changes of physiological indexes, such as leaf gas exchange parameters, osmotic and antioxidant physiological regulation, and ionic balance, in tomato plants subjected to different types and degrees of stress at different reproductive periods. The reasons for the differences in the degree of decline in photosynthetic capacity of tomato under NaCl and Na₂SO₄ stress were explored too. 【Result】Brackish water irrigation caused significant decreases in leaf net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), and transpiration rate (T_r) in the late stage of fertility (mature picking stage) and high salinity (S4) treatments compared with CK, and the contents of proline (pro), soluble sugar (SS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and leaf Na⁺ increased continuously during the salt stress and the progression of the fertility period (P<0.05). The superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing salinity in the late reproductive stage. The highest decreases in P_n, G_s, and T_r could be up to 44.13%, 64.53%, and 33.75%, respectively, whereas the increases in pro, SS, MDA, and Na⁺ could be up to 2.31, 0.77, 0.55, and 5.81 times higher than that of CK, respectively, all of which achieved under T1 stress. The correlations of SS, SOD and K⁺/Na⁺ with P_n were significantly changed under the two salt stresses, in which the slopes of the regression lines of SS and P_n were significantly higher under T1 treatment than T2 (P<0.05), the slopes of the regression lines of SOD and P_n were significantly lower under T1 treatment than T2 (P<0.05), and the regression curves of K⁺/Na⁺ and P_n showed that the T1 curves were relatively leftward. The results of principal component analysis showed that, under T1 treatment, SOD activity value was higher, which had an important role in P_n stabilization, but it was suppressed in the late reproductive stage, and could only enhance the water use efficiency to a certain extent; under T2 treatment, the physiological indexes were less stressed, in which the SS accumulation was related to the photosynthetic products, which could promote the biomass accumulation. 【Conclusion】 Salt stress led to excessive Na⁺ absorption by leaves, causing a decrease in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of tomato, and the accumulation of malondialdehyde in leaves, while leaves increased superoxide dismutase activity as well as proline and soluble sugar content to cope with the stress. Under the same irrigation salinity, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of tomato leaves were more affected by NaCl stress, soluble sugars maintained the stability of net photosynthetic rate under Na₂SO₄ stress, superoxide dismutase was able to protect the photosynthetic system under NaCl stress, and the NaCl treatment was required to maintain a higher leaf K⁺/Na⁺ level when the net photosynthetic rate was the same. Tomato leaves under Na₂SO₄ stress were less affected by stress, whereas tomato under NaCl stress had higher water use efficiency at the same salinity. The recommended salinity for irrigation of brackish water containing mainly NaCl was less than 3 dS·m^-1, and the salinity for irrigation of brackish water containing mainly Na₂SO₄ was not more than 4.5 dS·m^-1.

Key words: tomato, brackish water irrigation, sodium stress, photosynthesis, plant physiology

裴书瑶, 曹红霞, 张泽宇, 赵方洋, 李志军. 盆栽番茄对NaCl和Na₂SO₄微咸水灌溉的生理响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(3): 570-583.

PEI ShuYao, CAO HongXia, ZHANG ZeYu, ZHAO FangYang, LI ZhiJun. Physiological Response of Potted Tomatoes to NaCl and Na₂SO₄ Brackish Water Irrigation[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(3): 570-583.

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月 Month	平均温度 Average temperature (℃)	平均湿度 Average humidity (%)
4月 April	22.0	63.0
5月 May	27.0	54.1
6月 June	31.8	51.7
7月 July	31.3	61.7
8月 August	31.2	58.4

盆栽番茄对NaCl和Na₂SO₄微咸水灌溉的生理响应

Physiological Response of Potted Tomatoes to NaCl and Na₂SO₄ Brackish Water Irrigation

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处理代号 Treatment	盐类型（T） Salt type	灌溉盐度（S） Salinity (dS·m^-1)
T1S1	NaCl	1.5
T1S2	NaCl	3.0
T1S3	NaCl	4.5
T1S4	NaCl	6.0
T2S1	Na₂SO₄	1.5
T2S2	Na₂SO₄	3.0
T2S3	Na₂SO₄	4.5
T2S4	Na₂SO₄	6.0
CK	水 Water	0

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