长期不同施肥下紫色土-作物体系镉累积及安全性评估

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.18.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】利用连续施肥23年（1991—2014）的稻麦长期定位试验,研究长期不同施肥对土壤-小麦/水稻轮作体系镉（Cd）累积的影响,为西南紫色土地区农产品质量安全和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】利用8个长期不同施肥处理：（1） CK（不施肥对照）;（2）N（只施氮肥）;（3）NK（只施氮、钾肥）;（4）NPK（施氮、磷、钾肥）;（5）NPK+M（化肥+猪、牛粪）;(6) NPK+S（化肥+稻草还田）;（7）1.5NPK+S（1.5倍化肥+稻草还田）;（8）(NK)_ClP+S（含氯化肥+稻草还田）。分别测定不同年际间土壤中全镉和有效镉含量以及作物中的镉含量,并评估镉的累积程度。【结果】随着施肥年限的增加,土壤全镉含量逐年提高;长期不施磷肥的CK、N、和NK处理土壤全镉累积提升较慢,施用磷肥、有机肥及含氯化肥处理提升较快,其中以NPK+M、1.5NPK+S和(NK)_ClP+S 处理土壤全镉含量提升最快,23年后分别增加了1.18、1.18、1.15 mg·kg^-1;除不施磷肥处理外,其他所有处理土壤全镉含量均超过土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（GB15618—2018）中的土壤镉污染风险筛选值0.6 mg·kg^-1。长期施肥处理的土壤有效镉含量均明显高于不施肥对照,其中长期施用N、(NK)_ClP+S和1.5NPK+S处理土壤有效镉含量提升幅度较大。随着试验年份的增加各施肥处理水稻籽粒中镉含量呈上升趋势,但均未超过食品安全国家标准（GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.2 mg·kg^-1）;小麦籽粒中镉含量在不同年际间没有明显变化,除长期施用含氯化肥(NK)_ClP+S处理籽粒中镉含量超过食品中污染物限量标准外（GB 2762—2017,Cd≤0.1 mg·kg^-1）,其他处理均未超标。【结论】本试验条件下,长期不同施肥、特别是施用磷肥和猪、牛粪有机肥均提高了土壤全镉含量,增加了其生态风险;而长期施用含氯化肥因使土壤pH下降而提高了有效镉含量,并导致小麦籽粒中镉含量超标。因此,防止镉因施肥等途径进入农田,是保证农产品安全生产的重要环节。

关键词: 长期施肥, 紫色土, 小麦, 水稻, 镉累积

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study focused on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soil and availability in crop induced by 23 years (1997-2013) fertilization to evaluate the extent of soil Cd contamination and the safety threshold, so that which could offer suggestions to the fertilization strategy and soil Cd safety standard of Southwest China. 【Method】 Eight fertilization treatments were employed, including only nitrogen (N), nitrogen and potassium (NK), nitrogen plus phosphorus and potassium (NPK), chemical fertilizer plus pig manure (NPK+M), chemical fertilizer plus rice straw (NPK+S), 1.5 times chemical fertilizer plus rice straw (1.5NPK+S), chloride-based fertilizers plus rice straw ((NK)_ClP+S), as well as no fertilizer control (CK). Soil available Cd, soil total Cd concentration and Cd uptake by crop among different years were measured to evaluate the Cd accumulation. 【Result】 The results showed that the soil total Cd increased with the extension of fertilization time, the total Cd accumulation in soil treated with CK, N and NK for a long time without phosphorus fertilizer increased slowly, the total Cd accumulation in soil treated with phosphate fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chlorinated fertilizer increased rapidly, and NPK+M, 1.5NPK+S and (NK)_ClP+S had more accumulation, increasing 1.18, 1.18 and 1.15 mg·kg^-1 after 23 years fertilization, respectively. Except for without phosphate fertilizer treatments, the total Cd accumulation of all the other soils above 0.6 mg·kg^-1 had the soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land. The soil available Cd was significantly higher under all fertilization treatments than that under CK, thereinto, the content of soil available Cd increased significantly with long-term application of N, (NK)_ClP+S and 1.5NPK+S. The Cd concentration in rice grain was all raised with the increasing of fertilization time, while it didn’t exceed the national food safety standard of China (Cd≤0.2 mg·kg^-1). There were no obvious changes of wheat grain Cd concentration among different years, but only the Cd concentration in grain of (NK)_ClP+S treatment exceeded the pollutant limit standards of food of China (Cd≤0.1 mg·kg^-1). 【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this experiment, long-term different fertilization, especially the application of phosphate fertilizer and swine manure organic manure, increased the soil total Cd content and increased the ecological risk; The long-term application of chlorinated fertilizers increased the soil available Cd content because of the decrease of soil pH, and reduced the Cd content in wheat grains. Therefore, preventing Cd from entering farmland by fertilization is an important link to ensure the safe production of agricultural products.

Key words: long-term fertilization, purple soil, wheat, rice, Cd accumulation

王珂, 徐春丽, 张宇亭, 郑志斌, 王定勇, 石孝均. 长期不同施肥下紫色土-作物体系镉累积及安全性评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(18): 3542-3550.

Ke WANG, ChunLi XU, YuTing ZHANG, ZhiBin ZHENG, DingYong WANG, XiaoJun SHI. Cd Accumulation and Safety Assessment of Soil-Crop System Induced by Long-Term Different Fertilization[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(18): 3542-3550.

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处理 Treatment	年吸收量 Annual uptake (mg?hm^-2·a^-1)		年吸收总量 Total annual uptake (mg?hm^-2·a^-1)
处理 Treatment	籽粒 Grain	秸秆 Straw	年吸收总量 Total annual uptake (mg?hm^-2·a^-1)
CK	47.3	55.3	102.6
N	165.3	259.4	424.7
NK	206.2	220.5	426.7
NPK	234.5	240.9	475.5
NPK+M	313.2	227.3	540.5
NPK+S	247.2	258.7	505.9
1.5NPK+S	239.5	356.7	596.1
(NK)_ClP+S	367.8	450.7	818.5

处理 Treatment	年吸收量 Annual uptake (mg?hm^-2·a^-1)		年吸收总量 Total annual uptake (mg?hm^-2·a^-1)
处理 Treatment	籽粒Grain	秸秆Straw	年吸收总量 Total annual uptake (mg?hm^-2·a^-1)
CK	61.7	260.8	322.4
N	94.5	449.2	543.7
NK	101.6	505.0	606.7
NPK	310.1	939.6	1249.7
NPK+M	293.0	1115.5	1408.5
NPK+S	233.3	769.7	1003.1
1.5NPK+S	380.3	1520.4	1900.8
(NK)_ClP+S	547.1	2247.7	2794.7