绿洲灌区免耕一膜两年用玉米密植的水分承载潜力

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.16.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对绿洲灌区资源性缺水严重,传统玉米生产模式地膜用量和耗水量大等问题,探讨通过免耕一膜两年用集成密植技术提高水分利用效率的可行性,以期为构建试区地膜减量玉米高效生产技术提供理论支撑。【方法】2017—2019年,在河西绿洲灌区设置耕作措施（传统覆膜CT,一膜两年用NT）和密度（78 000株/hm²,低;103 500株/hm²,中;129 000株/hm²,高）两因素田间试验,研究不同处理的水分利用特征和产量表现,以耗水量的多少、产量的高低和水分利用效率的大小为依据,探索在2种耕作措施下可以承载作物最大密度的土壤水分,即水分承载潜力,明确免耕一膜两年用对玉米密植的水分承载潜力。【结果】NT较CT土壤播前含水量和贮水量分别提高11.6%—14.0%和19.4%—26.0%,利于玉米密植。NT与CT相比,中、低密度玉米全生育期总耗水量无显著差异,而高密度玉米全生育期总耗水量增加了4.7%;随玉米密度增加,玉米全生育期总耗水量随之增大,但总棵间蒸发量和蒸散比随之下降;NT和CT条件下,高、中密度较低密度玉米全生育期总耗水量分别增加了10.7%、5.2%和7.4%、4.6%,即从耗水量角度讲,NT支撑玉米高密度的水分承载潜力较CT下降。密度相同时,NT和CT玉米籽粒产量差异不显著;NT条件下高、中密度较低密度产量提高了6.1%—19.0%、10.9—25.0%,CT条件下高、中密度产量较低密度提高了4.8%—5.8%、8.8%—8.9%,中密度利于玉米高产,从产量角度讲,NT较CT支撑高密度的水分承载力未下降。相同密度下,NT和CT玉米水分利用效率无差异;密度对玉米水分利用效率影响显著,NT与CT条件下,中密度较高、低密度水分利用效率分别提高9.8%—10.8%、6.3%—17.8%与5.9%—7.1%、4.3%—4.7%,中密度下水分利用效率最大,从水分利用效率角度讲2种模式都不足以承载高密度。【结论】在绿洲灌区,免耕一膜两年用与传统覆膜具有相同的通过增密获得同等籽粒产量和水分利用效率的潜力,但免耕一膜两年用玉米全生育期总耗水量较大;免耕一膜两年用结合103 500株/hm²的密度可作为绿洲灌区地膜减量和玉米高产、水分高效利用技术推广应用。

关键词: 一膜两年用, 玉米, 种植密度, 耗水量, 水分利用效率, 水分承载潜力

Abstract:

【Objective】In view of the serious water resources shortage in the arid oasis irrigation region, and the large amount of plastic film and water consumption in the traditional maize production mode, this study investigated the feasibility of no-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year coupled with high-density planting to improve water use efficiency, so as to provide the theoretical base for the high-efficient maize production technology under plastic film reduction condition in this area.【Method】A field experiment was conducted in Hexi Corridor oasis irrigation region in 2017-2019 under 2 different tillage patterns, including conventional plastic film mulching (CT) and no-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year (NT), and 3 planting densities, including low density (78 000 plants/hm²), medium density (103 500 plants/hm²), and high density (129 000 plants/hm²). Water use characteristics and maize yield performance under various treatments were investigated to explore the soil moisture that could carry the maximum density of crops under the two cultivation measures, that is, the water-carrying potential. Based on the amount of water consumption, the level of yield and the size of water use efficiency, the water-carrying potential of no-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year to high-density planting were clarified.【Result】Compared with CT, NT increased soil water content and soil water storage before sowing by 11.6%-14.0% and 19.4%-26.0%, respectively, implying a beneficial effect on maize high-density planting. There was no significant difference of total water consumption in the whole growth period of maize between NT and CT under medium and low planting densities, while NT increased total water consumption by 4.7% compared with CT under high planting density. The total water consumption of maize increased with increasing of planting density, but total evaporation and E/ET decreased. Compared with low planting density, the high and medium planting densities increased the total water consumption of maize by 10.7% and 5.2% under NT, and by 7.4% and 4.6% under CT, respectively, which indicated that no-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year reduced the water-carrying potential for high density planting of maize, compared with conventional tillage. There was no significant difference in maize grain yield between NT and CT with the same planting density level. Compared with low planting density, the high and medium planting densities increased grain yield by 6.1%-19.0% and 10.9%-25.0% under NT, and by 4.8%-5.8% and 8.8%-8.9% under CT, respectively. In terms of grain yield performance, no-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year did not reduce the water-carrying potential for high-density planting of maize, compared with conventional tillage. There was no significant difference in water use efficiency between NT and CT with the same planting density level. Compared with high and low planting density levels, the medium planting density increased the water use efficiency by 9.8%-10.8% and 6.3%-17.8% under NT, and by 5.9%-7.1% and 4.3%-4.7% under CT, respectively. The water use efficiency of medium planting density was the highest among those treatments. Considering the water use efficiency difference, neither NT nor CT was suitable to support high-density planting of maize.【Conclusion】No-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year had the same potential as conventional tillage for improving grain yield and water use efficiency by increasing planting density in the arid oasis irrigation region. Whereas, the total water consumption of maize under no-tillage with two-year plastic film mulching was higher than that under CT. Consequently, No-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year in combination with planting density at 103 500 plants/hm² could be used as a practical technology to reduce plastic film input, improve grain yield and enhance water use efficiency of maize in oasis irrigation region.

Key words: no-tillage with plastic film mulching for 2-year, maize, planting density, water consumption, water use efficiency, water- carrying potential

张展军,杨宏伟,樊志龙,于爱忠,胡发龙,殷文,范虹,郭瑶,柴强,赵财. 绿洲灌区免耕一膜两年用玉米密植的水分承载潜力[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(16): 3406-3416.

ZHANG ZhanJun,YANG HongWei,FAN ZhiLong,YU AiZhong,HU FaLong,YIN Wen,FAN Hong,GUO Yao,CHAI Qiang,ZHAO Cai. Water-Carrying Potential of No-Tillage with Plastic Film Mulching for 2-Year Coupled with Maize High-Density Planting in Oasis Irrigation Area[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(16): 3406-3416.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	播前含水量 Soil water content before sowing (%)	收后含水量 Soil water content in harvesting (%)	播前贮水量 Soil water storage before sowing (mm)	收后贮水量 Soil water storage in harvesting (mm)	全生育期耗水量 ET (mm)
2018	CTM₁	17.97b	17.77bc	305.88b	314.33b	648.11c
	CTM₂	18.93b	16.54d	310.55b	288.31cd	672.81b
	CTM₃	18.98b	16.20d	302.23b	279.89d	693.90b
	NTM₁	20.87a	20.40a	356.45a	354.38a	651.98c
	NTM₂	21.20a	18.58b	373.33a	318.29b	691.61b
	NTM₃	20.27a	17.22cd	366.85a	301.11bc	722.30a
2019	CTM₁	18.81b	16.66a	299.99b	293.62ab	613.47d
	CTM₂	18.34b	17.59a	313.10b	308.91a	640.49bc
	CTM₃	18.91b	16.70a	317.71b	286.38b	661.07b
	NTM₁	20.84a	17.37a	375.23a	312.30a	629.55cd
	NTM₂	21.28a	16.89a	391.18a	305.13a	656.68b
	NTM₃	22.04a	17.45a	408.54a	311.79a	696.05a
显著性（P值） Significance(P value)
耕作措施 Tillage		**	**	**	**	NS
种植密度 Density		NS	NS	**	**	**
耕作措施×种植密度 Tillage ×Density		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS