北方麦区小麦产量与籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施钾和土壤速效钾的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.16.008

中国农业科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (16): 3155-3169.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.16.008

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

北方麦区小麦产量与籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施钾和土壤速效钾的响应

马悦¹(),田怡¹,牟文燕¹,张学美¹,张露露¹,于杰¹,李永华¹,王浩琳¹,何刚¹,石美¹,王朝辉^1,²(),邱炜红¹()

¹西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100
²西北农林科技大学/旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

收稿日期:2021-06-25 接受日期:2021-09-15 出版日期:2022-08-16 发布日期:2022-08-11
通讯作者: 王朝辉,邱炜红
作者简介:马悦,E-mail： 381495288@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200400);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03)

Response of Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Concentrations to Test-Integrated Potassium Application and Soil Available Potassium in Northern Wheat Production Regions of China

MA Yue¹(),TIAN Yi¹,MU WenYan¹,ZHANG XueMei¹,ZHANG LuLu¹,YU Jie¹,LI YongHua¹,WANG HaoLin¹,HE Gang¹,SHI Mei¹,WANG ZhaoHui^1,²(),QIU WeiHong¹()

¹College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
²Northwest A & F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi

Received:2021-06-25 Accepted:2021-09-15 Online:2022-08-16 Published:2022-08-11
Contact: ZhaoHui WANG,WeiHong QIU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】分析我国北方麦区监控施钾下小麦产量与养分吸收分配变化与土壤速效钾的关系,为节约钾资源,实现小麦丰产优质可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2020年在我国北方麦区43个地点进行田间试验,研究不同土壤速效钾水平下监控施钾对小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒氮磷钾含量及养分吸收分配的影响。【结果】北方麦区农户小麦施钾不足和过量问题同时存在。小麦产量随土壤速效钾含量升高显著增加,在土壤速效钾含量150—180 mg·kg^-1时,小麦产量达到最高,为6 340 kg·hm^-2。土壤速效钾过高并不能持续提高小麦产量,当土壤速效钾含量>180 mg·kg^-1时,小麦产量显著降低,平均为5 409 kg·hm^-2。与农户施肥相比,在土壤速效钾含量<90、90—120、120—150和>180 mg·kg^-1时采用监控施肥技术增加了钾肥用量,在速效钾含量150—180 mg·kg^-1时减少了钾肥用量,各土壤速效钾水平下采用监控施肥技术施用钾肥均提高了小麦产量,且在速效钾含量<90和>180 mg·kg^-1时显著增产。土壤有效磷含量>30 mg·kg^-1时,土壤速效钾含量120—150或>180 mg·kg^-1时,不施钾肥小麦产量有降低的趋势。土壤速效钾含量升高显著提高了小麦籽粒氮含量,农户施肥和监控施肥处理的籽粒氮磷钾含量无显著变化,速效钾含量>180 mg·kg^-1时不施钾肥的小麦籽粒磷钾含量显著降低。速效钾含量>150 mg·kg^-1时,监控施肥的钾肥偏生产力与钾肥吸收效率较农户施肥显著提高。【结论】在北方麦区,土壤速效钾含量150—180 mg·kg^-1时,合理施肥可使小麦产量达较高水平,但当土壤有效磷较高,超过30 mg·kg^-1时,不施钾肥小麦有减产风险。应根据土壤速效磷钾和小麦产量水平监控施肥,合理确定钾肥用量,实现北方麦区小麦丰产高效生产。

关键词: 土壤速效钾, 小麦, 产量, 籽粒氮磷钾含量, 监控施钾

Abstract:

【Objective】It is of great importance to clarify the relationships of changes in wheat grain yield and grain nutrients absorption and distribution to test-integrated potassium (K) fertilizer application and soil available K, for the purpose of high yield, high quality, green production of wheat and saving K resources in northern wheat production region of China. 【Method】In this research, a 43-site field experiment was conducted in northern wheat region of China from 2018 to 2020, to investigate effects of test-integrated K application on grain yield, yield components, grain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and K concentrations, and nutrients uptake and absorption of wheat at different soil available K levels. 【Result】The insufficient and excessive K application occurred widely in northern wheat production region. With the increase of soil available K level, the wheat yield increased significantly and reached the maximum value of 6 340 kg·hm^-2 at the available K of 150-180 mg·kg^-1. Excessive soil available K was not able to further increase the grain yield, and it significantly decreased to 5 409 kg·hm^-2 when soil available K was higher than 180 mg·kg^-1. Compared with the farmers’ fertilizer application rate (FF), the recommended K fertilizer rate (RF) by the test-integrated fertilizer application was decreased at the soil available K level of 150-180 mg·kg^-1, and increased at the other levels. The RF was found to have increased the wheat yield in comparison to FF with the yield increase significant at soil available K lower than 90 mg·kg^-1and higher than 180 mg·kg^-1. When the soil available P was higher than 30 mg·kg^-1 and the soil available K was at 120-150 mg·kg^-1or higher than 180 mg·kg^-1, the wheat yield of no K application (RF-K) showed a tendency to decrease in comparison to RF. With the increase of soil available K level, wheat grain N concentration increased significantly, but no significant difference was observed in the grain N, P, and K concentrations between FF and RF. Compared with RF, the grain N, P, and K concentrations under RF-K significantly decreased when the soil available K was higher than 180 mg·kg^-1. When the soil available K was higher than 180 mg·kg^-1, the K partial factor productivity and K fertilizer uptake efficiency under RF were significantly higher than those under FF. 【Conclusion】The reasonable fertilization could get high wheat yield when the soil available K was at 150-180 mg·kg^-1, but the wheat yield might be reduced without K fertilization when the soil available P was higher than 30 mg·kg^-1. Therefore, the K fertilizer rate should be recommended based on the target wheat yield and soil available P and K levels, for the purpose of yield stabilization, quality improvement, and efficiency increase in the northern wheat production regions of China.

Key words: soil available K, wheat, grain yield, grain N, P and K concentrations, test-integrated K application

马悦,田怡,牟文燕,张学美,张露露,于杰,李永华,王浩琳,何刚,石美,王朝辉,邱炜红. 北方麦区小麦产量与籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施钾和土壤速效钾的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(16): 3155-3169.

MA Yue,TIAN Yi,MU WenYan,ZHANG XueMei,ZHANG LuLu,YU Jie,LI YongHua,WANG HaoLin,HE Gang,SHI Mei,WANG ZhaoHui,QIU WeiHong. Response of Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Concentrations to Test-Integrated Potassium Application and Soil Available Potassium in Northern Wheat Production Regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(16): 3155-3169.

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速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	穗数Spike number (×10⁴·hm^-2)				穗粒数Grain per spike				千粒重1000 grain weight (g)
速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average
<90	451 b	538 a	517 ab	502 B	29 a	27 ab	27 b	28 BC	43.9 b	45.4 ab	45.7 a	45.0 A
90-120	475 a	481 a	468 a	475 B	29 a	29 a	29 a	29 AB	43.0 a	43.4 a	43.2 a	43.2 B
120-150	527 ab	549 a	501 b	525 A	30 a	30 a	30 a	30 A	39.3 ab	38.5 b	39.8 a	39.2 D
150-180	535 a	582 a	540 a	552 A	28 a	27 a	28 a	28 C	41.3 a	40.7 a	41.2 a	41.1 C
>180	469 ab	503 a	447 b	473 B	28 a	27 a	29 a	28 C	41.0 a	41.1 a	40.7 a	40.9 C
平均Average	492 b	524 a	487 b		29 a	28 a	29 a		41.5 a	41.5 a	41.8 a

速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	地上部吸氮量 N uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)				地上部吸磷量 P uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)				地上部吸钾量 K uptake in aboveground part (kg·hm^-2)
速效钾Available K (mg·kg^-1)	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average
<90	164 a	164 a	160 a	163 B	24.6 b	27.4 a	25.2 ab	25.7 A	101 a	103 a	97 a	100 D
90-120	179 a	179 a	171 a	177 A	25.5 ab	26.5 a	24.5 b	25.5 A	123 ab	125 a	114 b	120 C
120-150	176 ab	185 a	167 b	176 A	25.4 ab	26.3 a	24.2 b	25.3 A	143 ab	147 a	135 b	142 A
150-180	181 a	181 a	176 a	179 A	23.2 a	24.8 a	23.1 a	23.7 B	132 a	137 a	130 a	133 B
>180	163 a	165 a	156 a	161 B	23.0 b	24.6 a	21.5 c	23.1 B	131 ab	136 a	123 b	130 BC
平均Average	173 a	175 a	166 b		24.4 b	25.8 a	23.5 c		129 a	132 a	122 b
速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	氮收获指数 N harvest index (%)				磷收获指数 P harvest index (%)				钾收获指数 K harvest index (%)
速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average	农户施肥FF	监控施肥RF	监控无钾RF-K	平均Average
<90	77.9 a	79.7 a	81.2 a	79.6 B	83.4 a	83.6 a	85.4 a	84.2 BC	25.2 a	24.0 a	24.7 a	24.7 A
90-120	74.0 a	73.9 a	74.9 a	74.3 E	81.1 a	81.5 a	82.2 a	81.6 D	20.3 a	20.4 a	21.8 a	20.8 B
120-150	77.5 ab	75.5 b	78.2 a	77.1 C	85.1 a	83.1 b	85.3 a	84.5 B	18.7 a	18.1 a	18.7 a	18.5 C
150-180	80.9 a	80.1 a	81.0 a	80.6 A	88.6 a	87.3 a	88.5 a	88.1 A	20.8 a	20.2 a	20.4 a	20.5 B
>180	76.0 a	75.6 a	76.9 a	76.2 D	82.3 a	81.9 a	83.2 a	82.5 CD	17.3 a	16.9 a	17.7 a	17.3 D
平均Average	76.8 ab	76.3 b	77.8 a		83.7 ab	83.1 b	84.5 a		19.8 a	19.3 ab	20.1 b

北方麦区小麦产量与籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施钾和土壤速效钾的响应

Response of Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Concentrations to Test-Integrated Potassium Application and Soil Available Potassium in Northern Wheat Production Regions of China

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