不同轮耕模式下小麦各生育时期土壤养分及酶活性变化特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.21.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过研究黄淮平原潮土区不同轮耕模式下小麦各生育时期土壤养分、微生物量碳氮和酶活性的动态变化，为该地区筛选适宜的耕作制度提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田小区试验，在2016—2019年小麦季设置5个轮耕模式：（1）连续旋耕（RT-RT-RT）;（2）深耕-旋耕-旋耕（DT-RT-RT）;（3）深耕-旋耕-条旋耕（DT-RT-SRT）;（4）深耕-条旋耕-条旋耕（DT-SRT-SRT）;（5）深耕-条旋耕-旋耕（DT-SRT-RT）。3年为一个周期，在3年周期的第3年即2019年小麦返青期（GS）、拔节期（JS）、灌浆期（FS）和成熟期（MS）采集0—40 cm土层土壤样品，测定并分析土壤碱解氮（AN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）、微生物量碳（SMBC）、微生物量氮（SMBN）及脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性。【结果】整个小麦生育期所有土壤指标均随土层加深而降低。相对于RT-RT-RT，深耕基础上配合旋耕或条旋耕对20—40 cm土层速效养分的提升效果明显高于0—20 cm土层，但均显著影响两土层中土壤微生物量和酶活性。小麦主要生育时期不同处理下各土壤指标的动态变化趋势与作物的生长和需肥规律基本一致。随着小麦生育期的推进，土壤AP、AK、SMBC、SMBN和脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性均呈“增加—降低—增加”的变化趋势，其中在拔节期达到最大峰值，而蔗糖酶活性则表现为逐渐增加的趋势。在0—20 cm土层，拔节期DT-SRT-RT处理的AN、AP和AK含量显著高于RT-RT-RT处理，其值分别为91.74、27.17和139.81 mg·kg^-1。不同轮耕模式及土层深度显著影响AN及AP的含量;而小麦生育时期、不同土层和各轮耕模式等因素均能显著影响AK的含量，但各因素之间的交互作用不明显。在整个生育期，DT-RT-RT、DT-SRT-RT处理0—40 cm土层的SMBC、SMBN含量较高。而相较于RT-RT-RT处理，DT-SRT-RT处理则显著提高了土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶及中性磷酸酶活性，其增长率分别为3.79%—27.69%、12.29%—36.10%和8.61%—35.91%。小麦生育时期、不同土层深度和轮耕模式等因素显著影响土壤微生物量和酶活性，但三者对微生物量氮含量以及蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性的交互作用不显著。各耕作处理2019年的小麦季产量显著高于RT-RT-RT处理，其中以DT-SRT-RT处理的产量最优，为6 557 kg·hm^-2。【结论】黄淮平原不同轮耕模式中，深耕-条旋耕-旋耕提高了土壤速效养分、微生物量碳氮含量及土壤酶活性，保障了小麦产量。

关键词: 轮耕模式, 土壤养分, 土壤微生物量, 土壤酶活性, 小麦生育时期

Abstract:

【Objective】This study was aimed to select the optimum tillage pattern by investigating the dynamic changes of different tillage patterns on soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities during different wheat growth stages in fluvo-aquic soil in Huang-Huai Plain.【Method】The field experiment was carried out from 2016 to 2019. Five rotation tillage modes were set as: (1) Continuous Rotary Tillage (RT-RT-RT); (2) Deep tillage-Rotary tillage-Rotary tillage (DT-RT-RT); (3) Deep tillage-Rotary tillage-Shallow rotary tillage (DT-RT-SRT); (4) Deep tillage-Shallow rotary tillage-Shallow rotary tillage (DT-SRT-SRT); (5) Deep tillage-Shallow rotary tillage-Rotating tillage (DT-SRT-RT). Three years is a cycle. In the third year of the 3-year cycle, i.e. 2019, 0-40 cm soil layer samples were taken at the wheat greening stage (GS), jointing stage (JS), filling stage (FS), and maturity stage (MS). The contents of alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and the activities of urease, invertase, and neutral phosphatase in different soil layers were measured and analyzed.【Result】All soil indicators were decreased with the soil depths during the whole wheat growth stage. Compared with RT-RT-RT, the increment of available nutrients contents at 20-40 cm soil layer were significantly higher than those at 0-20 cm soil layer under the treatments with deep tillage combined with rotary tillage or shallow rotary tillage, but which presented few effects on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities under soil layers compared with the effects on soil available nutrients. The dynamic changes of each soil indicators under different treatments during the wheat main growth stages were consistent with the growth and fertilizer requirements of crops. The AP, AK, SMBC, SMBN, urease, neutral phosphatase activities were showed an “N” type trend and reached to peak at the jointing stage. The sucrase activity was gradually increased with the growth stage. In 0-20 cm soil layer, the contents of AN, AP and AK under DT-SRT-RT treatment at the jointing stage were significantly higher than that under other treatments, and the highest value were 91.74 mg·kg^-1, 27.17 mg·kg^-1 and 139.81 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The AN and AP were significantly affected by rotation tillage patterns and soil depths. While the AK was affected by wheat growth stages, soil layers, and rotation tillage patterns, but the interaction among them was not obvious. During the whole growth period, compared with RT-RT-RT, in 0-40 cm soil layer, the SMBC and SMBN content under DT-RT-RT and DT-SRT-RT treatments were higher. The DT-SRT-RT treatment could significantly increase the activities of soil urease, invertase and neutral phosphatase, and their growth rates were between 3.79%-27.69%, 12.29%-36.10% and 8.61%-35.91%, respectively. In the whole wheat growth period, the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were significantly affected by different soil depth and rotation tillage mode, but the interaction between them on SMBN content, invertase, and neutral phosphatase activity was not significant. The wheat yield under the other treatments in 2019 was higher than that under RT-RT-RT, and the highest one was 6 557 kg·hm^-2under DT-SRT-RT.【Conclusion】During this experimental period, in Fluvo-aquic soil in Huang-Huai Plain, the DT-SRT-RT treatment had the best effect on improving available nutrients contents, SMBC, SMBN, and soil enzyme activity, thereby further ensuring the high yield of wheat.

Key words: rotation tillage pattern, soil nutrient, microbial biomass, enzyme activity, wheat growth period

朱长伟,孟威威,石柯,牛润芝,姜桂英,申凤敏,刘芳,刘世亮. 不同轮耕模式下小麦各生育时期土壤养分及酶活性变化特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(21): 4237-4251.

ZHU ChangWei,MENG WeiWei,SHI Ke,NIU RunZhi,JIANG GuiYing,SHEN FengMin,LIU Fang,LIU ShiLiang. The Characteristics of Soil Nutrients and Soil Enzyme Activities During Wheat Growth Stage Under Different Tillage Patterns[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(21): 4237-4251.

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变异来源 Source of variation	df	碱解氮 AN	有效磷 AP	速效钾 AK
土层深度 Soil depth (D)	1	53135.20**	8456.23**	11229.42**
小麦生育时期 Wheat growth period (P)	3	116.53**	503.05**	13.13**
轮耕模式 Rotation tillage patterns (T)	4	1141.98**	69.88**	44.06**
D × P	3	1114.94**	27.94**	163.30**
D × T	4	217.48**	9.95**	8.03**
P × T	12	66.16**	4.78**	6.14**
D × P × T	12	254.99**	2.20*	1.79 NS
Error mean squares	80	0.91	0.50	6.49

变异来源 Source of variation	df	微生物量碳 SMBC	微生物量氮 SMBN
土层深度 Soil depth (D)	1	189847.54**	4882.24**
小麦生育时期 Wheat growth period (P)	3	15469.50**	1169.51**
轮耕模式 Rotation tillage patterns (T)	4	469.73**	36.39**
D × P	3	2449.91**	197.51**
D × T	4	9.54 NS	5.06**
P × T	12	8.99 NS	3.28**
D × P × T	12	28.64**	1.78 NS
Error mean squares	80	7.47	5.41

变异来源 Source of variation	df	脲酶 Urease	蔗糖酶 Invertase	中性磷酸酶 Neutral phosphatase
土层深度 Soil depth (D)	1	14422.44**	10822.89**	3251.25**
小麦生育时期 Wheat growth period (P)	3	1206.67**	1152.78**	221.67**
轮耕模式 Rotation tillage patterns (T)	4	49.38**	31.50**	10.66**
D × P	3	87.99**	55.49**	32.67**
D × T	4	6.94**	10.14**	1.04 NS
P × T	12	5.42**	1.02 NS	0.67 NS
D × P × T	12	5.96**	0.43 NS	0.70 NS
Error mean squares	80	0	1.29	0.06

处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴/667m²)	穗粒数 Kernels per spike (No.)	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	氮偏生产力 N partial productivity	磷/钾偏生产力 P/K partial productivity
RT-RT-RT	38.27±0.85d	28.43±0.98b	41.89±1.03c	5719±153d	26.12±0.7d	47.66±1.28d
DT-RT-RT	42.4±0.59b	28.93±1.00ab	43.36±1.9bc	6300±53b	28.77±0.24b	52.5±0.44b
DT-RT-SRT	40.29±0.41c	26.20±1.80c	48.57±1.54a	6003±95c	27.41±0.44c	50.02±0.79c
DT-SRT-SRT	43.22±0.82ab	30.80±1.00a	44.13±1.2bc	6477±36ab	29.58±0.16ab	53.98±0.3ab
DT-SRT-RT	44.47±0.54a	31.00±0.59a	46.22±0.95ab	6557±67a	29.94±0.31a	54.64±0.56a