耕作对渭北旱塬小麦-玉米轮作田土壤水分和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探讨不同降水年型下,耕作方式对冬小麦-休闲-春玉米轮作田土壤水分和作物产量的影响,为旱区粮田降雨高效利用与耕作制度创新提供理论支撑。【方法】于2007—2019年在渭北旱塬进行长期定位保护性耕作试验,以传统翻耕（CT）为对照,设置免耕（NT）和深松（ST）2种少耕耕作方式,分析不同降水年型下耕作方式对小麦-玉米轮作田休闲期土壤蓄墒、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】（1）降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响休闲期末期土壤贮水量和休闲期蓄墒率,其中降水年型是休闲末期土壤贮水量和休闲期蓄墒率变化的主导因素。休闲末期0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量（mm）表现为丰水年型（430.6）>欠水年型（405.9）>平水年型（381.5）;NT（417.4）>ST（402.3）>CT（398.2）;丰水年型NT处理休闲末期0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量最高（438.5）,平水年型ST处理最低（370.2）;休闲期蓄墒率（%）表现为丰水年型（27.1）>欠水年型（26.6）>平水年型（25.1）;NT（27.6）>ST（26.4）>CT（25.8）;欠水年型NT处理土壤蓄墒率最高（29.1）,平水年型CT处理土壤蓄墒率最低（25.0）。（2）降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响冬小麦产量和水分利用效率（WUE）,其中耕作方式是冬小麦产量（kg∙hm^-2）和WUE（kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1）变化的主导因素。冬小麦产量表现为丰水年型（4985）>欠水年型（3984）;NT（4522）>ST（4468）>CT（4465）;丰水年型NT处理产量最高（5033）,欠水年型ST处理最低（3957）;冬小麦WUE表现为丰水年型（15.4）>欠水年型（14.9）;NT（16.2）>ST（15.4）>CT（14.0）;丰水年型NT处理WUE最高（16.5）,欠水年型CT处理最低（13.9）。（3）降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响春玉米产量和水分利用效率（WUE）,其中降水年型是春玉米产量（kg∙hm^-2）和WUE（kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1）变化的主导因素。春玉米产量表现为丰水年型（7677）>欠水年型（6999）>平水年型（5887）;NT（6900）>ST（6879）>CT（6785）;丰水年型ST处理产量最高（8003）,平水年型ST处理最低（5723）;春玉米WUE表现为丰水年型（18.7）>欠水年型（17.5）>平水年型（14.8）;NT（17.8）>ST（17.0）>CT（16.2）;丰水年型ST处理WUE最高（19.3）,平水年型CT处理最低（13.9）。（4）在冬小麦-休闲-春玉米轮作周期中,耕作方式显著影响作物产量和WUE。其中NT处理多年平均产量和WUE分别较CT处理提高1.6%和9.5%,ST处理多年平均产量和WUE分别较CT处理提高1.2%和3.9%。【结论】综合各降水年型下土壤水分与作物产量得出,保护性耕作可以相对高效地实现保水增产目的,其中以免耕处理蓄水与增产效应最佳。从旱作农田高产高效及长期可持续发展的角度综合考虑,推荐免耕作为黄土高原地区实现蓄水保墒及增产增收目的的耕作方式。

关键词: 渭北旱塬, 降水年型, 保护性耕作, 水分, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this paper, the effects of tillage practices on soil moisture and crop yield in winter wheat-fallow-spring maize rotation fields under different rainfall patterns were studied, so as to provide the theoretical support for the efficient use of rainfall and innovation of tillage systems in dryland region.【Method】 In 2007-2019, a long-term consecutive in-situ conservation tillage experiment was conducted in the Weibei Upland Plateau. Two conservation tillage practices were set, including no-tillage (NT) and subsoiling (ST), using conventional tillage (CT) as a control. Then, the effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture storage, yield and water use efficiency during the fallow and growth periods under different rainfall patterns were analyzed. 【Result】(1) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected the soil water storage at the end of the fallow period and moisture storage rate, with rainfall pattern as the dominant factor. The soil water storage (mm) in the 0-200 cm soil layer at the end of fallow period values decreased in the following order: humid year (430.6) > dry year (405.9) > normal year (381.5); NT (417.4) > ST (402.3) > CT (398.2); The soil water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer at the end of fallow period was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (438.5) and the lowest in the normal year under ST treatment (370.2). The moisture storage rate (%) during the fallow period values decreased in the following order: humid year (27.1) > dry year (26.6) > normal year (25.1); NT (27.6) > ST (26.4) > CT (25.8); NT in the dry year had the highest moisture storage rate (29.1) and CT in the normal year had the lowest moisture storage rate (25.0). (2) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat, of which the influence of tillage practice was the most significant factor of winter wheat yield (kg∙hm^-2) and WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1). The winter wheat yield values decreased in the following order: humid year (4985) > dry year (3984); NT (4522) > ST (4468) > CT (4465); The winter wheat yield was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (5033) and the lowest in the dry year under ST treatment (3957). The winter wheat WUE values decreased in the following order: humid year (15.4) > dry year (14.9); NT (16.2) > ST (15.4) > CT (14.0); The winter wheat WUE was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (16.5) and the lowest in the dry year under CT treatment (13.9). (3) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected yield and WUE in spring maize, of which the influence of rainfall pattern was the most significant factor of spring maize yield and WUE. The spring maize yield values (kg∙hm^-2) decreased in the following order: humid year (7677) > dry year (6999) > normal year (5887); NT (6900) > ST (6879) > CT (6785); The spring maize yield was the highest in the humid year under ST treatment (8003) and the lowest in the normal year under ST treatment (5723). The spring maize WUE values (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1) decreased in the following order: humid year (18.7) > dry year (17.5) > normal year (14.8); NT (17.8) > ST (17.0) > CT (16.2); The spring maize WUE was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (19.3) and the lowest in the normal year under CT treatment (13.9). (4) In the winter wheat-fallow-spring maize rotation cycle, the tillage practice significantly affected the crop yield and WUE. The mean yield and WUE under NT and ST were 1.6%, 1.2% and 9.5%, 3.9% higher than that under CT treatment, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Integrating soil moisture and crop yield under each rainfall pattern, conservation tillage could achieve water conservation and yield increase relatively efficiently, among which the effects of water storage and yield of no-tillage were better. Based on the high yield, high efficiency and long-term sustainable development of upland plateau, no-tillage was recommended to realize the aim of water storage, soil water conservation, yield and income increased in Loess Plateau region.

Key words: Weibei Upland Plateau, rainfall pattern, conservation tillage, moisture, yield

郭星宇, 王浩, 于琦, 王瑞, 王小利, 李军. 耕作对渭北旱塬小麦-玉米轮作田土壤水分和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(14): 2977-2990.

GUO XingYu, WANG Hao, YU Qi, WANG Rui, WANG XiaoLi, LI Jun. Effects of Tillage on Soil Moisture and Yield of Wheat-Maize Rotation Field in Weibei Upland Plateau[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(14): 2977-2990.

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年份 Year	轮作 Crop rotation	播种日期 Planting date (Y-M-D)	收获日期 Harvesting date (Y-M-D)	品种 Variety
2007-2008	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2007-09-20	2008-06-14	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2008-2009	休闲1 Fallow 1	2008-06-14—2009-04-19
2009	春玉米 Spring maize	2009-04-19	2009-09-21	豫玉 22 Yuyu 22
2009-2010	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2009-09-25	2010-06-22	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2010-2011	休闲2 Fallow 2	2010-06-22—2011-04-23
2011	春玉米 Spring maize	2011-04-23	2011-09-21	豫玉 22 Yuyu 22
2011-2012	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2011-09-26	2012-06-15	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2012-2013	休闲3 Fallow 3	2012-06-15—2013-04-24
2013	春玉米 Spring maize	2013-04-24	2013-09-18	豫玉 22 Yuyu 22
2013-2014	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2013-09-25	2014-06-17	晋麦 47 Jinmai 47
2014-2015	休闲4 Fallow 4	2014-06-17—2015-04-26
2015	春玉米 Spring maize	2015-04-26	2015-09-20	郑单958 Zhengdan 958
2015-2016	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2015-09-26	2016-06-18	长6359 Chang 6359
2016-2017	休闲5 Fallow 5	2016-06-18—2017-04-26
2017	春玉米 Spring maize	2017-04-26	2017-09-18	郑单958 Zhengdan 958
2017-2018	冬小麦 Winter wheat	2017-10-15	2018-06-16	长6359 Chang 6359
2018-2019	休闲6 Fallow 6	2018-06-16—2019-05-02
2019	春玉米 Spring maize	2019-05-02	2019-09-26	郑单958 Zhengdan 958

影响因子 Factor		耗水量 ET (mm)	产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)
降水年型 Rainfall type	H	324.9a	4985a	15.4a
降水年型 Rainfall type	D	267.9b	3984b	14.9a
F值检验 F value test		28130.932**	311.566**	4605.515**
耕作方式 Tillage practice	NT	279.3c	4522a	16.2a
	ST	291.0b	4468b	15.4a
	CT	319.0a	4465b	14.0b
F值检验 F value test		164136.138**	220992.587**	31408.451**
丰水年型 Humid year	NT	305.0b	5033a	16.5a
	ST	319.1b	4978a	15.6a
	CT	350.6a	4944a	14.1b
欠水年型 Dry year	NT	253.5b	4011a	15.8a
	ST	262.9b	3957a	15.1ab
	CT	287.4a	3986a	13.9b
F值检验 F value test		576.798**	98.552**	336.738**

影响因子 Factor		耗水量 ET (mm)	产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	水分利用效率 WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)
降水年型 Rainfall type	N	398.6b	5887c	14.8c
	H	411.3a	7677a	18.7a
	D	401.2b	6999b	17.5b
F值检验 F value test		154000.459**	707.055**	119754.339**
耕作方式 Tillage practice	NT	387.8b	6900a	17.8a
	ST	403.8ab	6879a	17.0a
	CT	419.6a	6785a	16.2b
F值检验 F value test		2276.719**	3247.531**	16076.113**
平水年型 Normal year	NT	388.6b	6025a	15.5a
	ST	380.6b	5723b	15.0a
	CT	426.7a	5913a	13.9b
丰水年型 Humid year	NT	399.6b	7469b	18.7ab
	ST	414.9a	8003a	19.3a
	CT	419.4a	7560b	18.0b
欠水年型 Dry year	NT	375.1b	7205a	19.2a
	ST	416.0a	6912ab	16.6b
	CT	412.6a	6881b	16.7b
F值检验 F value test		401.884**	426.440**	4849.037**

	处理Treatments	周期1 Cycle 1	周期2 Cycle 2	周期3 Cycle 3	周期4 Cycle 4	周期5 Cycle 5	周期6 Cycle 6	平均值 Mean
耗水量 ET (mm)	NT	824.2c	676.8b	806.6c	562.1c	662.1b	609.0b	690.1c
	ST	856.1b	700.9a	826.8b	622.0a	658.8b	678.7a	723.9b
	CT	888.8a	717.0a	869.7a	607.4b	725.3a	671.6a	746.6a
产量 Yield (kg∙hm^-2)	NT	13239b	11113b	13339a	14989a	11022a	6830a	11755a
	ST	13848a	11754a	13218a	14350b	10652b	6467c	11715a
	CT	13390b	11196b	12958a	14437b	10769b	6673b	11571b
WUE (kg∙hm^-2∙mm^-1)	NT	16.1a	16.4a	16.0a	26.7a	16.6a	11.2a	17.2a
	ST	16.2a	16.8a	16.0a	23.1b	16.2a	9.5b	16.3a
	CT	15.1b	15.6a	14.9b	23.8b	14.8b	9.9b	15.7b