中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (14): 2977-2990.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.14.005

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇    下一篇

耕作对渭北旱塬小麦-玉米轮作田土壤水分和产量的影响

郭星宇(),王浩,于琦,王瑞,王小利,李军()   

  1. 西北农林科技大学农学院,陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2020-10-07 接受日期:2020-11-25 出版日期:2021-07-16 发布日期:2021-07-26
  • 联系方式: 郭星宇,E-mail: 1140652623@qq.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31671641);国家自然科学基金(31571620);国家科技支撑计划(2015BAD22B02)

Effects of Tillage on Soil Moisture and Yield of Wheat-Maize Rotation Field in Weibei Upland Plateau

GUO XingYu(),WANG Hao,YU Qi,WANG Rui,WANG XiaoLi,LI Jun()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi
  • Received:2020-10-07 Accepted:2020-11-25 Published:2021-07-16 Online:2021-07-26

摘要:

【目的】探讨不同降水年型下,耕作方式对冬小麦-休闲-春玉米轮作田土壤水分和作物产量的影响,为旱区粮田降雨高效利用与耕作制度创新提供理论支撑。【方法】于2007—2019年在渭北旱塬进行长期定位保护性耕作试验,以传统翻耕(CT)为对照,设置免耕(NT)和深松(ST)2种少耕耕作方式,分析不同降水年型下耕作方式对小麦-玉米轮作田休闲期土壤蓄墒、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】(1)降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响休闲期末期土壤贮水量和休闲期蓄墒率,其中降水年型是休闲末期土壤贮水量和休闲期蓄墒率变化的主导因素。休闲末期0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量(mm)表现为丰水年型(430.6)>欠水年型(405.9)>平水年型(381.5);NT(417.4)>ST(402.3)>CT(398.2);丰水年型NT处理休闲末期0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量最高(438.5),平水年型ST处理最低(370.2);休闲期蓄墒率(%)表现为丰水年型(27.1)>欠水年型(26.6)>平水年型(25.1);NT(27.6)>ST(26.4)>CT(25.8);欠水年型NT处理土壤蓄墒率最高(29.1),平水年型CT处理土壤蓄墒率最低(25.0)。(2)降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响冬小麦产量和水分利用效率(WUE),其中耕作方式是冬小麦产量(kg∙hm-2)和WUE(kg∙hm-2∙mm-1)变化的主导因素。冬小麦产量表现为丰水年型(4985)>欠水年型(3984);NT(4522)>ST(4468)>CT(4465);丰水年型NT处理产量最高(5033),欠水年型ST处理最低(3957);冬小麦WUE表现为丰水年型(15.4)>欠水年型(14.9);NT(16.2)>ST(15.4)>CT(14.0);丰水年型NT处理WUE最高(16.5),欠水年型CT处理最低(13.9)。(3)降水年型、耕作方式及其互作均显著影响春玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE),其中降水年型是春玉米产量(kg∙hm-2)和WUE(kg∙hm-2∙mm-1)变化的主导因素。春玉米产量表现为丰水年型(7677)>欠水年型(6999)>平水年型(5887);NT(6900)>ST(6879)>CT(6785);丰水年型ST处理产量最高(8003),平水年型ST处理最低(5723);春玉米WUE表现为丰水年型(18.7)>欠水年型(17.5)>平水年型(14.8);NT(17.8)>ST(17.0)>CT(16.2);丰水年型ST处理WUE最高(19.3),平水年型CT处理最低(13.9)。(4)在冬小麦-休闲-春玉米轮作周期中,耕作方式显著影响作物产量和WUE。其中NT处理多年平均产量和WUE分别较CT处理提高1.6%和9.5%,ST处理多年平均产量和WUE分别较CT处理提高1.2%和3.9%。【结论】综合各降水年型下土壤水分与作物产量得出,保护性耕作可以相对高效地实现保水增产目的,其中以免耕处理蓄水与增产效应最佳。从旱作农田高产高效及长期可持续发展的角度综合考虑,推荐免耕作为黄土高原地区实现蓄水保墒及增产增收目的的耕作方式。

关键词: 渭北旱塬, 降水年型, 保护性耕作, 水分, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 In this paper, the effects of tillage practices on soil moisture and crop yield in winter wheat-fallow-spring maize rotation fields under different rainfall patterns were studied, so as to provide the theoretical support for the efficient use of rainfall and innovation of tillage systems in dryland region.【Method】 In 2007-2019, a long-term consecutive in-situ conservation tillage experiment was conducted in the Weibei Upland Plateau. Two conservation tillage practices were set, including no-tillage (NT) and subsoiling (ST), using conventional tillage (CT) as a control. Then, the effects of different tillage methods on soil moisture storage, yield and water use efficiency during the fallow and growth periods under different rainfall patterns were analyzed. 【Result】(1) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected the soil water storage at the end of the fallow period and moisture storage rate, with rainfall pattern as the dominant factor. The soil water storage (mm) in the 0-200 cm soil layer at the end of fallow period values decreased in the following order: humid year (430.6) > dry year (405.9) > normal year (381.5); NT (417.4) > ST (402.3) > CT (398.2); The soil water storage in the 0-200 cm soil layer at the end of fallow period was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (438.5) and the lowest in the normal year under ST treatment (370.2). The moisture storage rate (%) during the fallow period values decreased in the following order: humid year (27.1) > dry year (26.6) > normal year (25.1); NT (27.6) > ST (26.4) > CT (25.8); NT in the dry year had the highest moisture storage rate (29.1) and CT in the normal year had the lowest moisture storage rate (25.0). (2) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat, of which the influence of tillage practice was the most significant factor of winter wheat yield (kg∙hm-2) and WUE (kg∙hm-2∙mm-1). The winter wheat yield values decreased in the following order: humid year (4985) > dry year (3984); NT (4522) > ST (4468) > CT (4465); The winter wheat yield was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (5033) and the lowest in the dry year under ST treatment (3957). The winter wheat WUE values decreased in the following order: humid year (15.4) > dry year (14.9); NT (16.2) > ST (15.4) > CT (14.0); The winter wheat WUE was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (16.5) and the lowest in the dry year under CT treatment (13.9). (3) The rainfall pattern and tillage practice as well as their interactions all significantly affected yield and WUE in spring maize, of which the influence of rainfall pattern was the most significant factor of spring maize yield and WUE. The spring maize yield values (kg∙hm-2) decreased in the following order: humid year (7677) > dry year (6999) > normal year (5887); NT (6900) > ST (6879) > CT (6785); The spring maize yield was the highest in the humid year under ST treatment (8003) and the lowest in the normal year under ST treatment (5723). The spring maize WUE values (kg∙hm-2∙mm-1) decreased in the following order: humid year (18.7) > dry year (17.5) > normal year (14.8); NT (17.8) > ST (17.0) > CT (16.2); The spring maize WUE was the highest in the humid year under NT treatment (19.3) and the lowest in the normal year under CT treatment (13.9). (4) In the winter wheat-fallow-spring maize rotation cycle, the tillage practice significantly affected the crop yield and WUE. The mean yield and WUE under NT and ST were 1.6%, 1.2% and 9.5%, 3.9% higher than that under CT treatment, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Integrating soil moisture and crop yield under each rainfall pattern, conservation tillage could achieve water conservation and yield increase relatively efficiently, among which the effects of water storage and yield of no-tillage were better. Based on the high yield, high efficiency and long-term sustainable development of upland plateau, no-tillage was recommended to realize the aim of water storage, soil water conservation, yield and income increased in Loess Plateau region.

Key words: Weibei Upland Plateau, rainfall pattern, conservation tillage, moisture, yield