中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 697-710.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

垄作直播控制灌溉对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响

谢军1(), 尹学伟1,2, 魏灵2, 王子芳1, 李清虎2, 张晓春2, 鲁远源2, 王秋月2, 高明1()   

  1. 1西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400715
    2重庆市农业科学院特色作物研究所,重庆 402160
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-08 接受日期:2022-02-23 出版日期:2023-02-16 发布日期:2023-02-24
  • 通信作者: 高明,E-mail:gaoming@swu.edu.cn
  • 联系方式: 谢军,E-mail:xiejun09@outlook.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(42177019); 国家重大水利工程建设基金三峡后续工作科研项目(5001022019CF50001); 重庆市农发资金(NKY- 2021AB006)

Effects of Control Irrigation on Grain Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Ridge Cultivation Direct-Seeding Paddy Field

XIE Jun1(), YIN XueWei1,2, WEI Ling2, WANG ZiFang1, LI QingHu2, ZHANG XiaoChun2, LU YuanYuan2, WANG QiuYue2, GAO Ming1()   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
    2Special Crop Research Institute, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160
  • Received:2022-01-08 Accepted:2022-02-23 Published:2023-02-16 Online:2023-02-24

摘要:

【目的】稻田是温室气体的重要排放源之一,耕作方式和水分管理措施均能在一定程度上减少稻田温室气体排放。垄作直播方式是一种新型节本增效的水稻种植方式,探索稻田垄作直播下垄沟水分管理对水稻产量和温室气体排放的影响,为丰产减排稻作模式的创新提供理论依据和技术途径。【方法】以2019—2021年垄作直播方式下的水稻-萝卜轮作系统为研究对象,通过设置传统淹水沟灌(TFI:水分高于垄面约5 cm)、控制沟灌1(CFI1:水分低于垄面约5 cm)、控制沟灌2(CFI2:水分低于垄面约10 cm)、控制沟灌3(CFI3:水分低于垄面约15 cm)4个处理,采取密闭静态箱-气相色谱法研究水稻-萝卜生长季温室气体排放及其全球增温潜势,同时测定水稻产量、土壤还原性物质、铵态氮和硝态氮等指标,明确既能减少全球增温潜势(GWP)又能增加作物产量的最佳灌水模式。【结果】综合3年试验结果,与TFI处理相比,控制灌溉能显著降低水稻季CH4累积排放量22.81%—78.47%,其中CFI3效果最显著;CFI2处理显著增加水稻季N2O累积排放量20.45%—59.90%,CFI3显著降低水稻季N2O累积排放量12.08%—68.64%,CFI1对N2O排放量无显著影响。对于萝卜季而言,与TFI处理相比,控制灌溉能显著降低CH4累积排放量34.87%—53.31%,其中CFI2和CFI3效果最显著;CFI1、CFI2和CFI3处理能显著增加N2O累积排放量35.00%—120.00%。双因素方差分析结果表明,控制灌溉和控制灌溉×试验年份的交互作用对CH4累积排放量具有极显著影响(P<0.01),控制灌溉、试验年份及控制灌溉×试验年份的交互作用对N2O累积排放量具有极显著影响(P<0.01)。与TFI相比,控制灌溉处理能显著降低水稻季GWP 20.24%—74.87%;CFI1和CFI2处理显著增加水稻产量12.34%—33.97%,CFI3对水稻产量无显著影响;控制灌溉显著降低温室气体排放强度(GHGI)29.37%—75.92%。控制灌溉分别降低还原物质总量、活性还原物质和还原性铁含量15.00%—30.84%、53.45%—71.65%和60.47%,影响CH4排放;同时降低铵态氮7.51%—9.87%,增加硝态氮5.81%—8.55%,影响N2O排放。【结论】控制灌溉通过硝态氮、铵态氮以及还原性物质等土壤性质影响温室气体排放。综合温室气体减排效应和作物增产两方面,CFI1和CFI2处理效果最好。在稻田垄作直播条件下,灌水深度为传统沟灌淹水深度的2/3或者1/2是降低温室气体排放并增加水稻产量的最佳水分管理方式。

关键词: 垄作, 直播, 水分管理, 温室气体, 水稻, 萝卜

Abstract:

【Objective】Paddy fields are one of the important sources of greenhouse gas emissions, while farming practices and water management can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from field to a certain extent. Ridge cultivation and direct-seeding is a new kind of rice planting pattern that saves costs and increases economic efficiency. The impact of water management of ridge cultivation and control irrigation on grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions were explored for increasing grain yield and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, so as to provide a theoretical basis and technical approaches for the innovation of high-yield and emission-reduction. 【Method】In this study, a rice-radish rotation system under the ridge cultivation from 2019 to 2021 was conducted to use as the research object. Four treatments were set up, including traditional flooded furrow irrigation (TFI: the height of irrigation was about 5 cm above the ridge), controlled furrow irrigation 1 (CFI1: the height of irrigation was about 5 cm below the ridge), controlled furrow irrigation 2 (CFI2: the height of irrigation was about 10 cm below the ridge), and control furrow irrigation 3 (CFI3: the height of irrigation was about 15 cm below the ridge). The greenhouse gas emissions and global warming potential (GWP) of rice-radish season were investigated by airtight static box-gas chromatography, and the rice yield, soil reducing substances, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were measured. Finally, the optimal irrigation patterns were identified with both reducing the GWP and increasing the rice yield. 【Result】Based on the three-year experimental results, compared with TFI treatment, controlled irrigation could significantly reduce the cumulative emission of CH4 by 22.81%-78.47% in the rice season, of which CFI3 had the most significant effect; CFI2 treatment significantly increased the cumulative emission of N2O by 20.45%-59.90%, CFI3 significantly reduced the cumulative N2O emissions by 12.08%-68.64%, and CFI1 had no significant effect on the cumulative N2O emissions. For radish season, compared with TFI controlled irrigation could significantly reduce the cumulative emission of CH4 by 34.87%-53.31%, among which CFI2 and CFI3 had the most significant effects; CFI1, CFI2 and CFI3 treatments could significantly increase the cumulative emission of N2O by 35.00%-120.00%. The results of two-way ANOVA showed that control irrigation, the interaction of control irrigation and year had an extremely significance on the cumulative emission of CH4 (P<0.01). The control irrigation, year, the interaction of control irrigation and year had an extremely significance on cumulative N2O emissions (P<0.01). Compared with TFI, controlled irrigation treatment could significantly reduce GWP by 20.24%-74.87% in rice season; CFI1 and CFI2 treatments increased rice yield by 12.34%-33.97%, CFI3 treatment had no significant effect on yield. Controlling irrigation reduced GHGI by 29.37%-75.92%. Controlled irrigation affected CH4 emissions by reducing the total amount of reducing substances, active reducing substances and reducing Fe2+ by 15.00%-30.84%, 53.45%-71.65% and 60.47%, respectively. It also affected N2O emissions by reducing NH4+ by 7.51%-9.87% and increasing NO3- by 5.81%-8.55%. 【Conclusion】Controlled irrigation affected GHG emissions through soil properties such as NO3-, NH4+, and reducing substances. Therefore, CFI1 and CFI2 had the best effects in terms of reducing GWP and increasing rice yield. Under the conditions of ridge cultivation and direct-seeding in paddy field, the depth of irrigation with two-thirds or half of the depth of traditional furrow irrigation flooding was the best water management method to alleviate greenhouse gas emissions and increase rice production.

Key words: ridge cultivation, direct-seeding, water management, greenhouse gas, rice, radish