水分亏缺下有机无机肥配施比例对棉花水氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.08.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同水分条件下有机无机肥配施对棉花水氮利用效率和产量的影响，为河西走廊棉区合理利用有机肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2020—2021年进行田间定位试验，采用裂区试验设计，主区为充分灌溉（W1）和亏缺灌溉（W2）；副区为不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）、25%有机肥+75%化肥（OF1）、50%有机肥+50%化肥（OF2）和75%有机肥+25%化肥（OF3），分析不同水分条件下施肥对棉花生育期土壤含水量、阶段耗水量、干物质和氮素积累及转运分配、水氮利用效率、籽棉产量和经济效益的影响。【结果】棉花籽棉产量和水氮利用特征受不同水肥处理及交互作用的显著影响。亏缺灌溉下棉田土壤含水量、总耗水量、植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量和籽棉产量显著下降，而水分利用效率显著提高。适宜的有机无机肥配施处理能够提高0—40 cm土层土壤含水量，降低棉花苗期和蕾期耗水，增加花铃期耗水量，提高棉花干物质和氮素积累量，并促进其向生殖器官中分配。充分灌溉条件下，25%有机肥配施处理（OF1）籽棉产量最高，两年平均较单施化肥（CF）提高10.5%；50%有机肥配施处理（OF2）与单施化肥（CF）无显著差异，但75%有机肥配施处理（OF3）显著降低。25%有机肥配施处理在各施肥处理中水氮利用效率最高，其中水分利用效率、氮素利用率和氮肥农学利用率分别较单施化肥提高8.9%、14.3%和28.9%。亏缺灌溉条件下，有机无机肥配施处理籽棉产量均高于单施化肥，其中50%有机肥配施处理表现最高，两年籽棉平均产量较单施化肥提高12.9%，同时50%有机肥配施处理水氮利用效率也表现为最高，其中水分利用效率、氮素利用率和氮肥农学利用率分别较单施化肥提高6.3%、35.5%和31.6%。【结论】适宜比例的有机无机肥配施能够协调土壤-作物水分养分供需关系，提高棉花籽棉产量和水氮利用效率。综合考虑产量、水氮利用效率和植棉效益，25%有机肥配施处理为河西走廊棉区适宜的有机肥配施模式。

关键词: 棉花, 有机肥, 化肥, 比例, 籽棉产量, 水氮利用效率

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to explore the effects of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on water and nitrogen use efficiency and yield of cotton under different water conditions, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of organic fertilizer in the cotton area of Hexi corridor.【Method】Field experiments were carried out from 2020 to 2021. The experiment was designed by split block, the main plot treatment consisted of full irrigation (W1) and deficit irrigation(W2), and the split-plot treatment was composed of five fertilizer treatments: no fertilizer (CK), single application of chemical fertilizer (CF), 25% organic manure with 75% chemical fertilizer (OF1), 50% organic manure with 50% chemical fertilizer (OF2) and 75% organic manure with 25% chemical fertilizer (OF3), while the nutrient content of each fertilization treatment was equal. The effects of fertilization under different water conditions on soil water content, periodical evapotranspiration, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, transport and distribution, water and nitrogen use efficiency, seed cotton yield and economic benefits were analyzed. 【Result】The seed cotton yield, water and nitrogen utilization characteristics of cotton were significantly affected by different water and fertilizer treatments and interactions. Soil water content, total evapotranspiration, dry matter accumulation, total nitrogen uptake and seed cotton yield decreased significantly, while water use efficiency increased significantly under deficit irrigation. The suitable combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer treatment could increase the soil water content of 0-40 cm soil layer, and reduce the evapotranspiration at seedling stage and budding stage, while increase the evapotranspiration at flower-boll stage, increase dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, and promote distribution to reproductive organs. Under the condition of full irrigation, the yield of the OF1 treatment was the highest in all fertilization treatments, with an average increase of 10.5% over single application of chemical fertilizer in two years, there was no significant difference between OF2 and CF, while the treatment of OF3 was significantly lower than that under single application of chemical fertilizer. The treatment of OF1 had the highest water and nitrogen use efficiency in each fertilization treatment, in which water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency were 8.9%, 14.3% and 28.9% higher than CF, respectively. Under the condition of deficit irrigation, the seed cotton yield of the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer treatments were higher than that of CF among which OF2 was the highest, and the average seed cotton yield of two years was 12.9% higher than that of CF, meanwhile, the treatment of OF2 also had the highest water and nitrogen use efficiency, in which the water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency were 6.3%, 35.5% and 31.6% higher than that of CF, respectively.【Conclusion】The appropriate proportion of combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could coordinate the supply and demand relationship of soil and crop for water and nutrients, and improve the seed cotton yield and the water and nitrogen use efficiency. Considering yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency and economic benefits, the treatment of 25% organic manure was the suitable mode of organic fertilizer application in Hexi corridor.

Key words: cotton, organic manure, chemical fertilizer, ratio, seed cotton yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency

王宁, 冯克云, 南宏宇, 丛安琪, 张铜会. 水分亏缺下有机无机肥配施比例对棉花水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(8): 1531-1546.

WANG Ning, FENG KeYun, NAN HongYu, CONG AnQi, ZHANG TongHui. Effects of Combined Application of Organic Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Ratio on Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Cotton Under Water Deficit[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(8): 1531-1546.

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年份 Year	土层 Soil layer (cm)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline-hydrolytic N (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)
2020	0—20	7.21	12.79	0.67	59.74	27.65	152.38
	20—40	7.28	10.13	0.58	48.92	22.38	116.42
	40—60	7.33	7.65	0.47	41.25	18.64	98.21
2021	0—20	7.24	13.14	0.71	57.38	29.35	176.43
	20—40	7.30	11.25	0.63	51.27	25.32	121.85
	40—60	7.31	8.62	0.46	42.38	19.54	103.76

年份 Year	水分 Water	施肥 Fertilizer	花铃期分配率 Distribution rate in flower-boll stage (%)			吐絮期分配率 <BOLD>D</BOLD>istribution rate in boll opening (%)			转运率 Transfer rate (%)
年份 Year	水分 Water	施肥 Fertilizer	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	花铃 Flower boll	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf	铃 Boll	茎 Stem	叶 Leaf
2020	W1	CK	17.9c	25.7c	56.4a	12.9c	16.2c	70.9a	15.4a	25.6d
		CF	25.9a	38.9a	35.2d	20.3a	23.3a	56.3c	12.7b	32.9c
		OF1	20.6b	36.7a	42.7c	16.6b	19.8b	63.5b	16.2a	43.6a
		OF2	23.8a	34.1b	42.1c	18.7b	19.9b	61.3b	15.9a	37.5b
		OF3	21.2b	32.8b	46.0b	18.1b	21.2ab	60.7b	12.8b	34.1bc
	W2	CK	16.2b	22.5b	61.3a	12.5b	15.6b	71.9b	14.2a	22.8c
		CF	23.1a	32.7a	44.2b	18.9a	21.4a	59.7a	11.8b	29.7b
		OF1	21.9a	30.8a	45.3b	17.6a	19.5a	62.9a	13.7a	32.3b
		OF2	22.4a	32.6a	45.0b	18.2a	20.1a	61.7a	15.1a	35.8a
		OF3	21.5a	32.3a	46.2b	17.7a	20.6a	61.7a	13.4a	32.5b
2021	W1	CK	18.4c	24.9c	56.7a	14.0b	16.2c	69.8a	17.2a	23.9d
		CF	24.6a	35.7a	39.7d	20.9a	23.9a	55.2c	13.6b	31.7c
		OF1	21.7b	36.2a	42.1c	17.8a	21.0b	61.2b	18.1a	40.3a
		OF2	21.9b	32.5b	45.6b	18.8a	21.9ab	59.3b	16.7a	35.8b
		OF3	21.4b	31.7b	46.9b	19.1a	23.7a	57.2c	14.3b	32.1c
	W2	CK	15.4b	28.3b	56.3a	11.6b	14.6b	73.8a	15.7a	21.2c
		CF	20.8a	37.2a	42.0b	19.1a	23.0a	57.9b	10.6b	28.6b
		OF1	21.3a	37.4a	41.3b	17.7a	22.2a	60.1b	11.3b	29.1b
		OF2	21.7a	35.2a	43.1b	18.5a	21.5a	60.0b	14.1a	33.4a
		OF3	22.4a	34.6a	43.0b	18.5a	20.9a	60.6b	10.8b	28.8b

处理 Treatment		Y (kg·hm^-2)		NUE (%)		NAUE (kg·kg^-1)		ET (mm)		WUE (kg·hm^-2·mm^-1)
处理 Treatment		2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021
W1	CK	2812.7d	3041.7c	—	—	—	—	435.3c	422.7c	6.5c	7.2b
	CF	4074.6b	4115.2b	16.9b	17.3b	2.8b	2.4b	557.7a	565.9a	7.3b	7.3b
	OF1	4515.3a	4628.9a	19.7a	20.2a	3.8a	3.5a	565.4a	578.5a	7.9a	8.0a
	OF2	3986.3b	4107.5b	15.9b	16.6b	2.6b	2.4b	527.3b	544.3b	7.6b	7.5b
	OF3	3784.1c	4013.2b	12.1c	9.9c	2.2c	2.2b	504.6b	535.9b	7.5b	7.5b
W2	CK	2375.2d	2419.6d	—	—	—	—	346.2c	371.3c	6.8c	6.5c
	CF	3228.6c	3364.1c	16.3c	14.7b	1.9c	2.1c	439.4b	441.5b	7.3b	7.6b
	OF1	3521.9b	3615.3b	17.0b	14.9b	2.6b	2.7b	446.5b	445.8b	7.9a	8.1a
	OF2	3746.2a	3824.7a	18.2a	15.8a	3.1a	3.1a	472.1a	475.4a	7.9a	8.0a
	OF3	3471.8b	3382.5c	14.9d	12.3c	2.4b	2.1c	437.6b	442.3b	7.9a	7.6b
方差分析（F值） ANOVA (F-value)
W		877.8^**	863.6^**	23.3^*	243.0^**	108.0^**	17.3^*	412.5^**	186.4^**	133.7^**	42.5^*
F		886.5^**	836.8^**	248.8^**	867.7^**	13.3^**	19.7^**	197.2^**	56.8^**	52.9^**	41.6^**
W×F		79.4^**	49.7^**	97.9^**	287.8^**	17.3^**	11.9^**	10.3^**	8.6^*	5.8^*	11.4^**

处理 Treatment		生产资料成本 Production materials cost (yuan/hm²)	田间管理成本 Filed management cost (yuan/hm²)	总收入 Total income (yuan/hm²)		净收益 Net profit (yuan/hm²)
处理 Treatment		生产资料成本 Production materials cost (yuan/hm²)	田间管理成本 Filed management cost (yuan/hm²)	2020	2021	2020	2021
W1	CK	3900	3200	16876d	33459d	9776c	26359d
	CF	8100	3200	24448b	45267b	13148a	33967b
	OF1	10200	3200	27092a	50918a	13692a	37518a
	OF2	12300	3200	23918b	45183b	8418b	29683c
	OF3	14400	3200	22705c	44145c	5105d	26545d
W2	CK	3300	3200	14251c	26616d	7751b	20116b
	CF	7500	3200	19372b	37005c	8672a	26305a
	OF1	9600	3200	21131a	39768b	8331a	26968a
	OF2	11700	3200	22477a	42072a	7577b	27172a
	OF3	13800	3200	20831b	37208c	3831c	20208b