西北地区制种玉米产量及氮素吸收对供氮水平的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.03.004

中国农业科学 ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 441-452.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.03.004

• 耕作栽培·生理生化·农业信息技术 • 上一篇下一篇

西北地区制种玉米产量及氮素吸收对供氮水平的响应

刘丹¹^,²^,⁴(), 安雨丽¹^,³, 陶笑笑⁵, 王孝忠¹^,³, 吕典秋⁴, 郭彦军⁴, 陈新平¹^,³, 张务帅¹^,³()

¹西南大学资源环境学院/土肥资源高效利用重庆市重点实验室，重庆 400715
²新疆农业职业技术学院，新疆昌吉 831100
³西南大学长江经济带农业绿色发展研究中心，重庆 400715
⁴西南大学农学与生物科技学院，重庆 400715
⁵新疆昌吉州气象局，新疆昌吉 831100

收稿日期:2022-01-23 接受日期:2022-04-18 出版日期:2023-02-01 发布日期:2023-02-14
通信作者: 张务帅，E-mail：wszhang@swu.edu.cn
联系方式: 刘丹，E-mail：106296938@qq.com。
基金资助:
国家玉米产业技术体系(CARS-02)

Effects of Different Nitrogen Gradients on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Hybrid Seed Maize in Northwest China

LIU Dan¹^,²^,⁴(), AN YuLi¹^,³, TAO XiaoXiao⁵, WANG XiaoZhong¹^,³, LÜ DianQiu⁴, GUO YanJun⁴, CHEN XinPing¹^,³, ZHANG WuShuai¹^,³()

¹College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University/Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Chongqing 400715
²Xinjiang Agricultural Vocational Technical College, Changji 831100, Xinjiang
³Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
⁴College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
⁵Changji Prefecture Meteorological Bureau, Changji 831100, Xinjiang

Received:2022-01-23 Accepted:2022-04-18 Published:2023-02-01 Online:2023-02-14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对我国制种玉米氮素吸收与累积规律不明确的问题，研究制种玉米生物量累积、产量形成和氮素吸收对供氮水平的响应，旨在为制种玉米高产高效绿色生产提供理论依据。【方法】以大面积制种的品种组合为试验材料，于2019—2020年开展田间定位试验。采用完全随机区组设计，共设置4个供氮水平，分别为只施底肥对照（CK）、168 kg N·hm^-2、240 kg N·hm^-2和320 kg N·hm^-2，研究不同供氮水平对制种玉米父母本生物量、杂交种产量和氮素吸收累积的影响。【结果】制种玉米父母本生物量累积随供氮水平的提高而提高，产量随供氮水平的提高先增加后保持稳定，N240处理同时实现了较高的产量、氮肥利用率和籽粒氮浓度，两年结果较为一致。N168处理在试验第2年达到较高产量，但氮浓度低于N240处理。母本秸秆及父本整株氮浓度均为高氮处理高于低氮处理；灌浆期母本实现最大生物量的临界氮浓度为15.08 g·kg^-1，收获期母本生物量与氮浓度呈线性相关。各追施氮肥处理的花后生物量两年间均大于花前，且随供氮水平的提高而提高，花后氮吸收比例随供氮水平的变化规律与生物量一致。N320处理与N240处理的产量水平、生物量累积和氮吸收均无显著差异。综合考虑产量与制种玉米品质时，N240可作为该区域制种玉米生产的推荐施氮量。【结论】优化施氮通过调控制种玉米父母本花前花后氮吸收比例实现增产增效。本研究揭示了优化施氮量稳定花前氮吸收，保障花后氮供应是制种玉米高产高效的关键，为制种玉米绿色生产提供了理论依据。

关键词: 制种玉米, 生物量, 产量, 临界氮浓度, 氮吸收

Abstract:

【Objective】The law of nitrogen uptake and accumulation of maize in seed production in China is unclear. In view of this, the responses of biomass accumulation, yield formation, and the nitrogen uptake to nitrogen supply were studied in order to provide the theoretical basis for green and efficient hybrid maize seed production. 【Method】 Taking the parent varieties combination of large area seed production as the experimental material, the on-site experiment was carried out from 2019 to 2020. A completely random block design was applied to study the effects of different nitrogen gradients on parental biomass, grain yield and nitrogen uptake and accumulation of maize seed production. Four nitrogen gradients were set up as basal fertilizer control (CK), 168, 240 and 320 kg N·hm^-2, respectively. 【Result】The accumulation of parental biomass of hybrid maize seed production increased with the increase of nitrogen gradients. The yield of maize seed production increased at first and then remained stable with the increase of nitrogen gradients. N240 treatment achieved higher yield, nitrogen use efficiency and grain nitrogen concentration at the same time, which were consistent in the two years. The yield under N168 treatment was higher than that under N240 treatment in the second year, but the nitrogen concentration was lower than that under N240 treatment. The nitrogen concentration of the whole plant of female parent straw and male parent was higher in high nitrogen gradient treatment than that in low nitrogen gradient treatment. The critical nitrogen concentration of maximum biomass of female parent at filling stage was 15.08 g·kg^-1, and there was a linear correlation between female parent biomass and nitrogen concentration at harvest stage. The post-silking biomass of each topdressing nitrogen fertilizer treatment was higher than that of pre-silking stages in two years, and increased with the increase of nitrogen gradients. The change rule of post-silking nitrogen uptake ratio with nitrogen gradients was consistent with the biomass. There was no significant difference in yield level, biomass accumulation, and nitrogen uptake between N320 treatment and N240 treatment. Under the premise of comprehensive consideration of yield and hybrid seed quality, N240 could be regarded as the recommended nitrogen application rate for hybrid maize seed production in this region. 【Conclusion】 The optimal nitrogen application rate could increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency by regulating the ratio of nitrogen uptake for maize parents in pre- and post-silking in seed maize production. This study revealed that optimizing nitrogen application rate to stabilize nitrogen uptake in the pre-silking stage and ensure nitrogen supply after anthesis was the key to achieve high yield and nitrogen use efficiency of seed maize, and provided a theoretical basis for sustainable production of hybrid seed maize.

Key words: hybrid seed maize, biomass, yield, critical nitrogen concentration, nitrogen uptake

刘丹, 安雨丽, 陶笑笑, 王孝忠, 吕典秋, 郭彦军, 陈新平, 张务帅. 西北地区制种玉米产量及氮素吸收对供氮水平的响应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(3): 441-452.

LIU Dan, AN YuLi, TAO XiaoXiao, WANG XiaoZhong, LÜ DianQiu, GUO YanJun, CHEN XinPing, ZHANG WuShuai. Effects of Different Nitrogen Gradients on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Hybrid Seed Maize in Northwest China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(3): 441-452.

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (Mg·hm^-2)	氮肥偏生产力 Partial factor productivity from applied N (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%)	氮肥农学效率 Agronomic efficiency of applied N (kg·kg^-1)	氮收获指数 Nitrogen harvest index
2019	CK	4.0b	—	—	—	0.32b
	N168	4.8b	28.7a	21c	5.0c	0.34b
	N240	6.3a	26.1a	33a	11.0a	0.37a
	N320	6.2a	19.5b	29b	6.9b	0.33b
2020	CK	5.1b	—	—	—	0.39c
	N168	7.7a	46.2a	28b	16.7a	0.49a
	N240	7.5a	31.1b	34a	10.0b	0.41bc
	N320	7.2a	22.7c	27b	7.0c	0.44b
显著性 Significance
氮处理N treatment (N)		**	**	**	**	**
年份Year (Y)		NS	**	NS	**	**
氮处理×年份N×Y		**	**	NS	**	**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生物量累积 Biomass (Mg·hm^-2)		氮素吸收 N uptake (kg N·hm^-2)		每吨籽粒需氮量 Nitrogen demand of unit grain weight (kg·Mg^-1)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	花前 Pre-silking stage	花后 Post-silking stage	花前 Pre-silking stage	花后 Post-silking stage
2019	CK	6.4a	6.7c	94b	28b	29.8b
	N168	6.9a	8.4bc	111b	44b	32.2ab
	N240	7.6a	9.6ab	135a	62a	32.0ab
	N320	7.6a	11.4a	145a	78a	36.6a
2020	CK	7.4b	7.0b	108b	33c	19.7b
	N168	8.2a	11.6ab	126b	68ab	23.3b
	N240	9.0a	10.7ab	157a	56bc	29.3a
	N320	8.4a	12.6a	152a	76a	30.1a
显著性 Significance
氮处理 Treatment (N)		NS	**	**	**	**
年份Year (Y)		NS	NS	NS	NS	**
氮处理×年份N×Y		NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

西北地区制种玉米产量及氮素吸收对供氮水平的响应

Effects of Different Nitrogen Gradients on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Hybrid Seed Maize in Northwest China

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处理 Treatment	基肥 Basal fertilizer	追肥 Topdressing		总施氮量 Total N (kg·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	施氮量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)	施氮量 N rate (kg·hm^-2)	次数 Times	总施氮量 Total N (kg·hm^-2)
CK	36	0	0	36
N168	36	132	6	168
N240	36	204	6	240
N320	36	284	6	320

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