施钾量对花生根系和根瘤特性、养分吸收及产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.04.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对辽宁省花生产地速效钾含量偏低，钾肥施用量不足的现状，探究不同钾水平对花生根系、根瘤特性、主要养分吸收速率以及产量的影响，以期明确最佳的钾肥施用量，为当地的花生生产提供理论依据和参考。【方法】本试验于2018—2019年在沈阳农业大学进行，以农花9号为试材，设0（CK）、112.5 kg·hm^-2（T1）、225 kg·hm^-2（T2）和337.5 kg·hm^-2（T3）4个钾肥处理，采用大田随机区组试验，研究了不同施钾量对花生根系干物质积累、根系形态、根瘤特性、植株养分吸收和产量的影响。【结果】2年试验结果表明，施钾对花生根系干重影响不大，各处理的根系干物质积累量无显著差异；与未施钾肥的CK相比，T2处理的施钾量可显著增加花生的总根长、总根表面积和总根体积；根瘤对钾素较敏感，在施钾量为112.5 kg·hm^-2时，根瘤数量及干重在各时期均达到最大，钾素的施入促进了根瘤在花生结荚期的衰老；增施钾肥提高了植株氮、磷、钾素的最大积累速率、平均积累速率和最大积累量，延长了氮和钾的活跃积累期；施钾225 kg·hm^-2时单株荚果数等产量构成因素及产量均高于其他处理。【结论】施钾量为225 kg·hm^-2（T2）时，最有利于花生根系生长和养分吸收，增产效果最好；在施钾量为112.5 kg·hm^-2（T1）时，最有利于根瘤的生长，增产效果次之。

关键词: 花生, 钾素, 根系特性, 根瘤特性, 养分吸收, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】According to the current situation such as low content of available potassium and insufficient application of potassium fertilizer of peanut production in Liaoning province, this study explored the effects of different potassium levels on peanut root system, nodule characteristics, main nutrient absorption rate and yield, so as to determine the optimal application rate of potassium fertilizer and provide the theoretical basis and reference for local peanut production. 【Method】 This study was conducted in Shenyang Agricultural University from 2018 to 2019. Under the condition of normal application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer needed for peanut field production, four potassium fertilizer (potassium sulfate) treatments of 0 (CK), 112.5 kg·hm^-2 (T1), 225 kg·hm^-2 (T2) and 337.5 kg·hm^-2 (T3) were used to study the effects of different potassium application rates on root morphology of plough layer, nodule characteristics, nutrient absorption and yield of peanut. 【Result】Potassium application had little effect on root dry weight of peanut, and there was no significant indigenous difference in root dry matter accumulation treatments. Compared with CK, the total root length, total root surface area and total root volume in plough layer of peanut were significantly increased under T2. Root nodules were more sensitive to potassium concentration, and the number and dry weight of nodules reached the maximum at all stages when the amount of potassium application was 112.5 kg·hm^-2. The increase of potassium application might also accelerate the formation and senescence of nodules. The application of potassium fertilizer increased the maximum accumulation rate, average accumulation rate and maximum accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, prolonged the active accumulation period of nitrogen and potassium. The yield components such as pods per plant and yield under T2 were higher than that under other treatments. 【Conclusion】 When the potassium application rate was 225 kg·hm^-2 ( T2 ), it was most conducive to peanut root growth and nutrient absorption, and the yield increase effect was the best. When the potassium application rate was 112.5 kg·hm^-2, the growth of nodules was the best, however, the yield increase effect was weaker than that of T2.

Key words: peanut, potassium, root characteristics, nodule characteristics, absorption of nourishment, yield

刘娜, 谢畅, 黄海云, 姚瑞, 徐爽, 宋海玲, 于海秋, 赵新华, 王婧, 蒋春姬, 王晓光. 施钾量对花生根系和根瘤特性、养分吸收及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2023, 56(4): 635-648.

LIU Na, XIE Chang, HUANG HaiYun, YAO Rui, XU Shuang, SONG HaiLing, YU HaiQiu, ZHAO XinHua, WANG Jing, JIANG ChunJi, WANG XiaoGuang. Effects of Potassium Application on Root and Nodule Characteristics, Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Peanut[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(4): 635-648.

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年份 Year	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	pH
2018	105.7	25.1	115.3	15.4	6.5
2019	103.5	27.4	117.0	13.6	6.5

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生育时期 Growth stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	苗期 Seedling stage (g/plant)	开花下针期 Pegging stage (g/plant)	结荚期 Pod-setting stage (g/plant)	成熟期 Maturity stage (g/plant)
2018	CK	0.20±0.04a	0.90±0.03a	0.53±0.04a	0.75±0.13a
	T1	0.19±0.05a	0.83±0.19a	0.74±0.28a	0.75±0.28a
	T2	0.19±0.03a	1.24±0.35a	0.99±0.27a	0.83±0.14a
	T3	0.18±0.05a	0.96±0.06a	0.87±0.32a	0.90±0.17a
2019	CK	0.30±0.03a	0.87±0.32a	0.81±0.12a	0.75±0.07a
	T1	0.32±0.01a	0.85±0.23a	0.74±0.05a	0.74±0.12a
	T2	0.35±0.02a	1.07±0.12a	0.81±0.09a	0.79±0.17a
	T3	0.33±0.06a	0.82±0.15a	0.77±0.14a	0.69±0.08a

形态指标 Morphological index	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	生育时期 Growth stage
形态指标 Morphological index	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	苗期 Seeding stage	开花下针期 Pegging stage	结荚期 Pod-setting stage	成熟期 Mature stage
总根长 Total root length (cm)	2018	CK	577.37±29.06b	797.88±56.89d	655.48±25.68b	664.38±21.99b
		T1	586.44±24.97b	997.46±35.83c	664.70±39.85b	676.64±27.21ab
		T2	634.16±27.19ab	1192.64±47.33a	736.82±38.82a	701.72±20.47a
		T3	681.83±23.56a	1143.73±51.9b	715.14±29.85ab	703.95±10.30a
	2019	CK	576.42±21.50c	762.42±28.74b	739.08±75.84b	669.04±109.31b
		T1	690.27±47.49b	842.29±3.12ab	789.25±86.63b	882.29±92.76a
		T2	779.67±50.46a	938.85±12.59a	921.72±91.13a	903.14±57.24a
		T3	644.73±6.81bc	820.62±29.52ab	811.02±57.55b	718.63±55.03ab
总根表面积 Total root surface area (cm²)	2018	CK	83.78±4.71b	182.13±3.29b	115.57±10.23b	125.93±18.20b
		T1	87.93±3.58b	203.48±11.17a	155.24±18.30ab	148.93±12.89ab
		T2	110.61±15.10a	216.70±9.22a	179.06±26.14a	161.95±11.54a
		T3	101.65±9.98a	208.52±11.10a	136.84±29.68ab	138.72±10.14ab
	2019	CK	82.20±2.90b	108.67±3.22b	122.61±11.42b	208.63±47.95b
		T1	106.74±9.22a	120.84±12.31ab	145.43±12.35ab	261.43±11.31a
		T2	116.59±7.76a	146.35±3.52a	165.25±23.08a	277.18±5.98a
		T3	92.81±2.98b	113.22±12.43b	127.40±20.64b	199.01±27.21b
总根体积 Total root volume (cm³)	2018	CK	1.19±0.12b	2.11±0.13b	1.87±0.25b	1.88±0.06b
		T1	1.22±0.05b	2.42±0.11ab	2.06±0.12ab	1.92±0.07ab
		T2	1.50±0.07a	2.69±0.31a	2.34±0.16a	2.05±0.13a
		T3	1.45±0.10a	2.41±0.14ab	1.95±0.14b	1.89±0.05b
	2019	CK	0.94±0.08b	1.05±0.28b	1.63±0.23ab	1.43±0.30c
		T1	1.32±0.15a	1.37±0.16ab	2.15±0.33ab	2.00±0.20ab
		T2	1.39±0.11a	1.82±0.13a	2.36±0.43a	2.18±0.24a
		T3	1.07±0.08b	1.28±0.17b	1.60±0.40b	1.55±0.18bc

皮尔逊相关系数 Pearson correlation coefficient	根干重 Root dry weight	总根长 Total root length	总根表面积 Total root surface area	总根体积 Total root volume
根干重 Root dry weight	1
总根长 Total root length	0.784**	1
总根表面积 Total root surface area	0.774**	0.589*	1
总根体积 Total root volume	0.845**	0.705**	0.815**	1

处理 Treatment	CW (um)	MS (nm)	I_N	I_D(nm)
CK	0.220±0.031c	4.561±0.532c	56	72.851±5.134b
T1	0.282±0.034b	12.684±2.503b	0	0
T2	0.302±0.053b	14.129±2.856ab	0	0
T3	0.456±0.058a	15.639±2.083a	70	155.736±17.767a