长期施肥对黑土水稳性团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.06.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】基于黑土长期定位试验平台,研究不同施肥方式下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳分布特征,以期揭示化肥和有机肥长期施用对土壤肥力的影响,为实现黑土合理培肥提供理论指导。【方法】依托37年黑土长期定位试验,采集CK（不施肥）、NPK（化肥）、M₂（常量有机肥）、M₂NPK（常量有机肥配施化肥）、M₄（高量有机肥）、M₄NPK（高量有机肥配施化肥）处理0—20 cm土层的土壤样品,利用湿筛法分析水稳性团聚体稳定性及有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分配特征。【结果】长期有机无机配施以及施高量有机肥显著降低大团聚体比例,提高微团聚体比例。长期施用化肥及常量有机肥并未明显改变团聚体的分布。M₂NPK、M₄NPK、M₄处理的大团聚体比例较CK处理分别降低32.7%、45.8%和55.4%,而微团聚体的比例较CK处理分别提高73.2%、102.5%和123.9%。长期有机无机配施及高量有机肥的施用显著降低表层土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性。长期施肥显著增加土壤有机碳含量,增加量为CK的1.12—2.06倍,施用有机肥及有机无机配施处理有机碳含量增加更为显著。长期施用有机肥可以增加各粒级水稳性团聚体中有机碳的含量,且随着粒径的变小,各处理有机碳含量的增加幅度逐渐减小。各处理水稳性大团聚体中有机碳含量显著高于微团聚体,这表明有机碳主要分布在大团聚体中。长期施高量有机肥及配施化肥显著降低了大团聚体对有机碳的贡献率,增大了微团聚体的贡献率,即微团聚体有机碳贡献率高于大团聚体,而其他处理大团聚体有机碳贡献率高于微团聚体。【结论】黑土长期施用化肥对团聚体的分布及团聚体有机碳含量没有显著影响。高量有机肥以及有机无机配施显著降低了大团聚体的比例,进而降低土壤团聚体的稳定性。长期施用有机肥显著增加土壤及各粒级团聚体中有机碳含量。高量有机肥及配施化肥显著降低了大团聚体有机碳贡献率,有机碳贡献率的优势粒级为微团聚体。

关键词: 长期施肥, 黑土, 水稳性团聚体, 有机碳含量, 有机碳贡献率

Abstract:

【Objective】Based on the long-term fertilization experiment station, in aims to study the influences on the soil fertility by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure, the characteristics of water stable aggregates and structure of organic carbon was analyzed under different fertilizer application conditions.【Method】0-20 cm soil samples were collected from the 37-year long-term field experiment, including six treatments: CK (no fertilizer), NPK (chemical fertilizer alone), M₂ (normal manure application), M₂NPK (the chemical fertilizer combined with normal manure rate), M₄ (high quantity manure application), and M₄NPK (the chemical fertilizer combined with high quantity manure rate). Stability of water stable aggregates and distribution of organic carbon in aggregates were analyzed by wet sieve method.【Result】The proportion of large aggregates was reduced,while the proportion of micro aggregates was increased significantly under long-term application of organic and chemical fertilizer and high amount of organic fertilizer conditions. There was not significant change for the distribution of aggregates under long-term application of chemical fertilizer and constant organic fertilizer conditions. Compared with CK, the proportions in macro-aggregate of M₂NPK, M₄NPK and M₄ were reduced by 32.7%, 45.8% and 55.4%, respectively, and the proportion of that in micro-aggregate were increased by 73.2%, 102.5% and 123.9%, respectively. The stability of surface soil water stable aggregates was reduced significantly under long-term organic combined chemical fertilizer and high amount of organic fertilizer conditions. The soil organic carbon content was increased significantly by 1.12-2.06 times as much as CK under long-term fertilization condition, and the increase of organic carbon content was more significantly in organic fertilizer and organic combined with chemical fertilizer. The content of organic carbon in soil water stable aggregates of each size was increased under long-term organic fertilizer application, while the increase of organic carbon content in each treatment was gradually decreased with the decrease of particle size. Organic carbon content in the water stable macro-aggregate was significantly higher than that in the micro-aggregate, indicating that the organic carbon was mainly distributed in the macro-aggregate. The contribution rate of organic carbon in macro-aggregate was reduced significantly, and the contribution rate of organic carbon was increased significantly in micro-aggregate under long-term application of high amount of organic and combined with chemical fertilizer. The contribution rate of organic carbon in other treatments was higher in macro-aggregates than in micro-aggregates.【Conclusion】There were no significant effect for distribution and organic carbon content in aggregates under long-term chemical fertilization. The proportion of macro-aggregates and the stability of soil aggregates were reduced significantly under high amount of organic fertilizer and combination of organic and chemical fertilizer. The content of organic carbon in the aggregates was increased significantly under long-term application of organic fertilizer. The contribution rate of organic carbon in macro-aggregates was reduced significantly under high amount of organic fertilizer and combined with chemical fertilizer. The micro-aggregate was the dominant aggregate size of the organic carbon contribution rate.

Key words: long-term fertilization, black soil, water stable aggregates, content of organic carbon, contribution rate of organic carbon

张秀芝,李强,高洪军,彭畅,朱平,高强. 长期施肥对黑土水稳性团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(6): 1214-1223.

XiuZhi ZHANG,Qiang LI,HongJun GAO,Chang PENG,Ping ZHU,Qiang GAO. Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on the Stability of Black Soil Water Stable Aggregates and the Distribution of Organic Carbon[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(6): 1214-1223.

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处理 Treatment	大团聚体Macro-aggregate			微团聚体Micro-aggregate
处理 Treatment	>2 mm	2-0.25 mm	总和Sum	0.25-0.053 mm	<0.053 mm	总和Sum
CK	18.6±1.5 a	50.5±4.9 a	69.1±4.3 a	21.8±3.3 c	9.1±1 c	30.9±4.3 c
NPK	16.4±1.1 ab	44.9±8.8 a	61.3±9.7 a	26.7±6.7 c	11.9±3.0 c	38.7±9.7 c
M₂	14.1±3.6 b	49.3±3.9 a	63.4±12.5a	22.5±3.7 c	14.1±3.8 bc	36.6±6.8 c
M₂NPK	5.3±1.5 c	41.2±3.2 ab	46.5±1.6 b	35.2±2.8 b	18.3±1.3 b	53.5±1.6 b
M₄	4.7±1.9 c	32.7±5.5 bc	37.4±6.4 bc	44.5±4.4 a	18.1±2.2 b	62.6±6.4 ab
M₄NPK	3.1±0.2 c	27.7±5.4 c	30.8±5.5 c	41.9±1.5 ab	27.3±4.3 a	69.2±5.5 a

处理 Treatment	平均重量直径MWD (mm)	几何平均直径GMD (mm)	分形维数 D	团聚体破坏率 PAD (%)
CK	0.98a	0.61a	2.37c	23.15c
NPK	0.88a	0.50a	2.44c	31.88c
M₂	0.88a	0.50a	2.47bc	30.08c
M₂NPK	0.63b	0.32b	2.56ab	47.98b
M₄	0.54bc	0.27b	2.57ab	55.64ab
M₄NPK	0.45c	0.21b	2.67a	63.15a

	>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量 Content of >0.25 mm aggregate	MWD	GMD	PAD	D
>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量 Content of >0.25 mm aggregate	1	0.985**	0.971**	-0.998**	-0.954**
MWD		1	0.987**	-0.985**	-0.960**
GMD			1	-0.968**	-0.972**
PAD				1	0.955**
D					1

处理 Treatment	大团聚体Macro-aggregate			微团聚体Micro-aggregate
处理 Treatment	>2 mm	2-0.25 mm	总和Sum	0.25-0.053 mm	<0.053 mm	总和Sum
CK	21.0 a	58.4 a	79.4 a	24.1 c	8.1 c	32.2 c
NPK	16.8 b	45.8 abc	62.6 b	25.9 c	10.0 bc	35.9 bc
M₂	15.0 b	49.2 ab	64.2 b	25.9 c	10.1 bc	36.0 bc
M₂NPK	6.2 c	46.9 abc	53.1 bc	34.7 b	14.6 b	49.4 ab
M₄	5.5 c	42.1 bc	47.6 cd	47.0 a	13.8 b	60.8 a
M₄NPK	4.5 c	34.7 c	39.2 d	42.6 ab	19.6 a	62.2 a