种间距离对玉米-大豆带状套作土壤理化性状及根系空间分布的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.10.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究玉米-大豆套作种间距离对土壤环境及根系空间分布的影响,以期为作物根系调控养分高效吸收提供理论依据。【方法】采用单因素随机区组试验设计,设置5种根系互作方式,其中玉米-大豆套作种间距分别为30 cm（MS30）、45 cm（MS45）、60 cm（MS60）,单作玉米行间距100 cm（MM100）,单作大豆行间距100 cm（SS100）,研究玉米-大豆套作下土壤理化性状及根系空间分布的变化规律。【结果】玉米蜡熟期（R4）至成熟期（R6）、大豆始粒期（R5）至成熟期（R8）,套作处理日平均土壤氧气含量、土壤呼吸速率随种间距离增加呈先增后减趋势;其中玉米土壤氧气含量MS45处理最高,MS30处理最低,而套作后的土壤呼吸速率均显著低于单作;大豆土壤呼吸速率以MS45处理最高,较SS100处理高130.00%,而套作后的土壤氧气含量均低于单作。与单作相比,套作玉米土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量、套作大豆土壤中5—2 mm水稳性团聚体含量、土壤NO- 3-N显著增加,其中均以MS45处理最高,较单作分别显著增加19.26%、4.49%、18.07%。共生期间,与单作相比,套作各处理玉米、大豆根系空间分布呈非对称性,套作玉米根系横向能延伸到大豆行的空间下方,纵向能下扎生长更深,套作大豆根系明显偏向大豆带生长,套作玉米和大豆根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重低于单作;玉米收获后,套作大豆根系恢复生长,在水平和垂直方向上进一步延伸,其中MS45处理的根体积高于单作。通过PCA分析,土壤养分含量和水稳性团聚体指标与根系形态参数呈正相关关系【结论】玉米-大豆带状套作合理的种间距离会促进土壤大团聚体的形成,增加土壤氧气含量,改善土壤通气环境及土壤养分状况,优化作物根系空间分布,促进根系生长发育。

关键词: 玉米-大豆套作, 种间距离, 土壤氧气含量, 土壤呼吸速率, 土壤水稳性团聚体, 根系空间分布

Abstract:

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of interspecific distance on soil environment and root spatial distribution of maize-soybean intercropping, so as to provide a theoretical basis for crop roots to regulate the efficient utilization of nutrients.【Method】The field experiments were used one-factor randomized block design with 5 root interaction modes: maize-soybean intercropping spacing 30 cm (MS30), 45 cm (MS45), 60 cm (MS60), maize monoculture row spacing 100 cm (MM100), and soybean monoculture row spacing 100 cm (SS100). The changes of soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil nutrient content, soil aggregate and root distribution were investigated.【Result】From dough stage (R4) to maturity stage (R6) of maize, as well as from the beginning seed (R5) to full maturity (R8) of soybean, the daily average soil oxygen content and soil respiration rate of intercropping treatment initially increased and then decreased later with the increase of interspecific distance; The soil oxygen content of maize was the highest in MS45, the lowest under MS30, while the soil respiration rate of intercropping was significantly lower than the monoculture. The soil respiration rate of soybean was the highest under MS45, which was 130.00% higher than that under SS100, while the soil oxygen content of intercropping was lower than that of monoculture. Compared with monoculture, the content of water-stable aggregates >5 mm in the soil of intercropping maize, the content of water-stable aggregates of 5-2 mm in the soil of intercropping soybean and the soil NO- 3-N were significantly increased, by 19.26%, 4.49%, and 18.07%, respectively; Among which, those contens under MS45 was the highest. During the co-growing period, compared with monoculture, the spatial distribution of maize and soybean roots under each intercropping treatment was asymmetrical, and the intercropping maize roots could extend horizontally below the space of soybean rows and grow deeper vertically. The root system of intercropping soybean was obviously inclined to the growth of soybean belt, and the total root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight of intercropping maize and soybean were lower than that of monoculture. After the maize was harvested, the intercropping soybean root system resumed growth and further extended in the horizontal and vertical directions. The root volume of MS45 was higher than those of monoculture. PCA analysis showed that soil nutrient content and water stable aggregate index were positively correlated with root morphological parameters.【Conclusion】Reasonable interspecific distance promoted the formation of soil large aggregates, increased soil oxygen content, improved soil aeration environment and soil nutrient, optimized the spatial distribution of crop roots, and promoted root growth and development.

Key words: maize-soybean intercropping, interspecific distance, soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil water-stable aggregates, roots distribution

任俊波, 杨雪丽, 陈平, 杜青, 彭西红, 郑本川, 雍太文, 杨文钰. 种间距离对玉米-大豆带状套作土壤理化性状及根系空间分布的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(10): 1903-1916.

REN JunBo, YANG XueLi, CHEN Ping, DU Qing, PENG XiHong, ZHENG BenChuan, YONG TaiWen, YANG WenYu. Effects of Interspecific Distances on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Root Spatial Distribution of Maize-Soybean Relay Strip Intercropping System[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(10): 1903-1916.

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https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2022/V55/I10/1903

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	根长 Root length (cm)	根表面积 Root surface area (cm²)	根体积 Root volume (cm³)	根干重 Root dry weight (g)	根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm)
2019	MS30	3035.54±253.74b	1509.25±23.45b	25.03±1.16b	4.3±0.20b	0.57±0.08a
	MS45	3376.46±200.61ab	1553.81±129.07b	26.71±4.15b	4.9±0.27b	0.54±0.09a
	MS60	2392.95±11.91c	1341.97±67.88b	23.15±3.14b	4.48±0.49b	0.64±0.06a
	MM100	3675.02±25.57a	1945.77±4.99a	31.23±3.07a	8.53±0.23a	0.68±0.02a
2020	MS30	3893.95±79.34bc	1154.58±20.41ab	34.8±3.59a	6.11±0.46ab	0.59±0.01a
	MS45	5187.74±290.73ab	1267.58±110.99ab	38.5±2.52a	6.74±083ab	0.55±0.02b
	MS60	3632.25±37.03c	1037.8±14.45b	36.8±0.44a	5.21±0.01b	0.56±0.01ab
	MM100	5845.21±772.39a	1315.66±125.2a	38.86±2.16a	7.54±0.80a	0.50±0.01c
F 值 F-value
年份 Years (Y)		46.53**	49.17**	43.75**	5.88*	2.84ns
种间距离 Interspecific distance (I)		12.50**	10.76**	3.27*	16.76*	0.50ns
年份×种间距离 Y×I		1.72ns	2.03ns	1.12ns	3.60*	1.80ns

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	根长 Root length (cm)		根表面积 Root surface area (cm²)		根体积 Root volume (cm³)		根干重 Root dry weight (g)		根平均直径 Average root diameter (mm)
年份 Year	处理 Treatment	V5	R5	V5	R5	V5	R5	V5	R5	V5	R5
2019	MS30	184.32±25.89b	1763.96±16.46c	123.86±2.71b	731.08±34.28a	3.95±0.26b	20.38±1.56b	0.1±0.01b	4.53±0.21a	0.41±0.04a	0.57±0.03a
	MS45	199.59±3.03b	1888.87±40.3b	131.21±7.98b	929.41±259.04a	4.24±0.36b	30.18±3.45a	0.15±0.02b	4.89±0.04a	0.42±0.03a	0.62±0.03a
	MS60	283.76±25.48ab	1921.8±29.01b	149.87±15.78b	887.77±10.94a	4.74±0.38ab	27.15±0.12ab	0.16±0.03b	4.63±0.04a	0.44±0.02a	0.46±0.01b
	SS100	618.77±223.59a	2509.44±7.38a	259.97±52.19a	976.92±55.63a	6.31±0.98a	27.34±3.05ab	0.48±0.05a	4.79±0.02a	0.37±0.01a	0.54±0.04ab
2020	MS30	233.42±42.44b	3451.57±33.06ab	139.99±8.48c	735.73±18.43a	3.39±0.11c	28.72±0.44b	0.23±0.05c	5.26±0.27b	0.33±0.02a	0.48±0.01b
	MS45	347.75±49.28b	3699.95±112.31ab	193.35±8.65b	780.95±7.14a	3.97±0.11b	37.32±1.31a	0.55±0.04b	7.47±0.44a	0.36±0.04a	0.47±0.05b
	MS60	373.8±128.96b	3162.52±249.54b	227.58±5.93b	722.74±6.23a	4.37±0.06b	29.59±0.29ab	0.31±0.14bc	6.9±0.37ab	0.4±0.03a	0.55±0.01ab
	SS100	915.45±166.89a	3918.37±225.69a	303.66±25.46a	833.37±84.86a	5.69±0.30a	35.58±4.53ab	1.28±0.03a	7.65±1.00a	0.39±0.01a	0.57±0.01a
F值 F-value
年份 Years (Y)		3.41ns	291.45**	10.29**	2.59ns	2.32ns	14.780**	84.30**	49.55**	3.67ns	2.20ns
种间距离 Interspecific distance (I)		10.25**	11.28**	17.30**	1.09ns	11.53**	5.51**	65.14**	4.21*	0.99ns	1.26ns
年份×种间距离 Y×I		0.47ns	2.08ns	0.72ns	0.32ns	0.07ns	0.67ns	14.71**	2.51ns	1.13ns	7.63**

处理 Treatment	玉米R4 Maize R4			大豆V5 Soybean V5			大豆R5 Soybean R5
处理 Treatment	土壤总氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	土壤铵态氮NH+ 4-N (mg·kg^-1)	土壤硝态氮NO- 3-N (mg·kg^-1)	土壤总态氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	土壤铵态氮NH+ 4-N (mg·kg^-1)	土壤硝态氮NO- 3-N (mg·kg^-1)	土壤总态氮Total N (g·kg^-1)	土壤铵态氮NH+ 4-N (mg·kg^-1)	土壤硝态氮NO- 3-N (mg·kg^-1)
MS30	1.40±0.05ab	6.67±0.03c	32.26±2.31b	1.33±0.04ab	9.81±0.12a	35.78±0.40b	1.07±0.04a	7.49±0.29a	12.83±0.78ab
MS45	1.35±0.04bc	9.11±0.41ab	30.21±3.47b	1.26±0.02bc	10.05±0.41a	41.23±2.67a	1.16±0.13a	7.23±0.77a	11.56±0.46c
MS60	1.21±0.07c	7.35±0.13bc	13.63±0.64c	1.38±0.04a	9.05±0.73a	39.14±0.51a	1.16±0.09a	7.19±0.27a	12.00±0.24bc
MM/SS100	1.53±0.03a	10.10±1.04a	49.27±2.72a	1.18±0.03c	8.40±0.94a	34.92±2.47b	1.30±0.17a	7.95±1.32a	13.10±0.90a