超级早稻钵形毯状秧苗机插效果及产量形成

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.23.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】通过钵形毯状秧苗机插技术在双季超级早稻上机插应用,探究机插效果及对产量形成的影响,以期为我国水稻机械化种植技术发展提供参考。【方法】以常规超级早籼稻中早39、中嘉早17为试验材料,采用水稻钵形毯状秧盘（BT）和传统平盘（CK）培育秧苗,考察种子出苗、秧苗素质、根系形态及分布、机插效果、产量并比较差异。【结果】水稻钵形毯状秧盘与平盘育秧种子出苗率差异不显著;钵形毯状秧苗根系独立成钵状,56.03%的根系在底层钵碗内,上部根系比例43.97%,且白根多,根数比对照略少,但根长度、根表面积、根直径和根体积有所增加,而对照秧苗的下部根系比例37.86%,上部根系比例高达62.14%;从机插效果看,中早39和中嘉早17钵形毯状秧苗的机插断根率比平盘毯状秧苗分别降低了25.06%和14.24%,相同播种量下,2年重复试验中早39钵形毯状秧苗机插的漏秧率比对照分别下降了3.89%和1.67%,中嘉早17下降了2.22%和1.66%,另外翻秧、漂秧、伤秧比例较对照也有所减少;钵形毯状秧苗机插14 d后的秧苗叶重、茎鞘重、根重、地上部总重量和叶绿素含量均比对照明显增加,表明有利于促进秧苗早发生长;产量比较,中早39钵形毯状秧苗机插比对照增产6.35%—7.66%,中嘉早17增产8.99%—10.87%,其中主要通过有效穗数增加实现增产,中早39和中嘉早17的钵形毯状秧苗机插处理有效穗数分别增加了2.14%—6.01%和4.76%—6.98%。【结论】水稻钵形毯状秧苗机插技术通过培育形成上毯下钵的钵形毯状秧苗,按钵取秧机插,有利于提高机插质量,减少机插漏秧率及伤根,促进秧苗早发,提高有效穗数,实现机插水稻高产。

关键词: 超级早稻, 钵形毯状秧苗, 机插水稻, 产量

Abstract:

【Objective】Seedling raising in pot-mat tray was the key point of pot-mat seedling mechanized transplanting technology system. This technology was conducted in early rice season to study the effects of pot-mat seedling on mechanized transplanting quality and yield of super early rice.【Method】In this study, the super early rice varieties Zhongzao39 and Zhongjiazao17 were sown in pot-mat seedling tray (BT) and traditional flat tray (CK), and then the seedling emergence rate, seedling quality, root morphology and distribution, transplanting quality and yield were investigated.【Result】There were no significant differences of seedling emergence rate between pot-mat seedling and traditional flat-mat seedling. The root system of pot-mat seedling form bowl shape, and root surface area, root diameter and root volume increased compared with traditional mat seedling. 56.03% root of BT seedling was in the bottom bowl, and the upper root was 43.97%, while that of the control seedling was 37.86% at the bottom and the upper root was 62.14%. The root-cutting rate of Zhongzao 39 and Zhongjiazao 17 pot-mat seedlings were 25.06% and 14.24%, respectively, and lower than that of flat seedling. Under the same sowing, the seedling missing-transplanting rate of pot-mat seedling treatment decreased significantly, and Zhongzao39 decreased 1.67%-3.89%, Zhongjiazao17 decreased 1.66%-2.22%. Besides, the percentage of turnover seedling, floated and injured seedlings when seedling mechanized transplant decreased compared with that of the control. The plant height, and weight of leaves, stem, root, shoot and content of chlorophyll increased at 14 days after transplanting, indicating that it was helpful to promote the early emergence and rapid growth of seedlings. The grain yield of BT treatment was significantly higher than that of control, and the yield of Zhongzao 39 and Zhongjia Zao 17 increased by 6.35%-7.66% and 8.99%-10.87%, respectively. The increase in yield was mainly achieved by the increase in the number of effective panicles. The number of effective panicles treated by pot-mat seedlings machine transplanting of Zhongzao 39 and Zhongjiazao 17 increased by 2.14%-6.01% and 4.76%-6.98%, respectively.【Conclusion】Pot-mat seedling transplanting technology improved the quality of mechanical transplanting, reduced the missing-transplanting seedling rate and injury root rate of seedling. The technique could promote early emergence of tillers, increase the number of effective panicles, and achieve high yield.

Key words: super early rice, pot-mat seedling, machine transplanted rice, yield

陈惠哲, 徐一成, 张玉屏, 向镜, 张义凯, 朱德峰. 超级早稻钵形毯状秧苗机插效果及产量形成[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(23): 4240-4250.

CHEN HuiZhe, XU YiCheng, ZHANG YuPing, XIANG Jing, ZHANG YiKai, ZHU DeFeng. Effect of Pot-Mat Seedling on the Quality of Machined Transplanting and Yield Formation of Super Early Rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(23): 4240-4250.

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品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	苗高 Seedling length (cm)	叶龄 Leaf age	地上部重 Leaf weight (mg/plant)	根重 Root weight (mg/plant)	根数 Root number (No./plant)	根长 Root length (cm)
中早39	BT	15.37±0.44a	3.49±0.04a	16.94±2.97a	5.55±0.34a	6.83±1.94a	6.75±0.99a
ZZ39	CK	14.56±0.21a	3.31±0.15a	17.86±3.49a	5.72±0.30a	7.67±1.75a	6.08±2.01a
中嘉早17	BT	14.92±0.33a	3.33±0.17a	17.73±2.26a	5.12±0.52a	10.17±1.83a	4.85±1.05a
ZJZ17	CK	14.93±0.59a	3.22±0.12a	17.19±1.74a	4.97±0.67a	11.50±2.81a	3.90±1.35b

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	根总长度 Root total length (cm/plant)	根表面积 Root superficial area (cm²/plant)	根直径 Root diameter (mm)	根体积 Root volume (cm³/plant）
中早39	BT	29.23	3.12	0.35	0.027
ZZ39	CK	28.50	2.79	0.32	0.022
中嘉早17	BT	25.05	2.82	0.37	0.026
ZJZ17	CK	24.40	2.54	0.33	0.021

品种 Variety	年份 Year	处理 Treatment	株数 (No/hole)	翻秧率 Tilting seedling rate (%)	漂秧率 Floating seedling rate (%)	伤秧率 Injured seedling rate (%)	漏秧率 Lack of seedling rate (%)
中早39	2013	BT	2.66a	1.14b	0.22b	0.67a	6.67b
ZZ39		CK	2.51b	2.60a	2.24a	0.99a	10.56a
	2014	BT	3.63a	0.91b	0.91a	0.23b	3.33b
		CK	3.47a	1.82a	1.14a	0.91a	5.00a
中嘉早17	2013	BT	3.10a	0.75a	2.86a	0.97b	2.78b
ZJZ17		CK	2.83b	1.00a	2.83a	2.21a	5.00a
	2014	BT	3.57a	1.82a	0.23a	1.59a	4.17b
		CK	3.47a	0.91b	0.46a	1.59a	5.83a

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height (cm)	叶重 Leaf weight (g·m^-2)	茎鞘重 Stem-sheath weight (g·m^-2)	根重 Root weight (g·m^-2)	地上部总重 Shoot weight (g·m^-2)
中早39	BT	18.30a	3.37a	3.56a	2.64a	6.93a
ZZ39	CK	18.10a	2.16b	2.37b	2.40b	4.53b
中嘉早17	BT	19.53a	2.91a	3.27a	2.74a	6.18a
ZJZ17	CK	19.56a	2.91a	2.97b	2.28b	5.88b

品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	MDA含量 MDA content	可溶性糖 Soluble-glucide content (mg·g^-1)	叶绿素a Chl a (mg·g^-1)	叶绿素b Chl b (mg·g^-1)	类胡萝卜素 Carotenoid content (mg·g^-1)
中早39	BT	16.75±0.17	22.26±1.09	1467.1±29.0	449.8±26.7	556.0±21.5
ZZ39	CK	15.32±0.02	26.51±0.76	1417.9±25.1	410.7±14.5	540.1±9.4
中嘉早17	BT	23.58±1.83	32.55±1.66	1597.7±12.0	595.2±21.8	635.9±7.2
ZJZ17	CK	18.49±0.73	26.63±1.54	1485.4±51.2	461.8±32.1	552.7±21.0