控释氮肥减施对春玉米产量、氮素吸收及转运的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对吉林省春玉米区氮肥施用不合理、氮肥利用效率下降的问题,通过田间试验研究控释氮肥较农民习惯用量减施条件下,春玉米的干物质形成与养分需求规律及分配特征,为控释氮肥在吉林省春玉米上的合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】于2013—2014年连续2年在吉林省公主岭市刘房子镇开展试验,供试玉米品种为先玉335,试验共设置了5个施肥处理,分别为不施氮肥（CK）,农民习惯施肥（FP）,推荐施肥（OPT,较FP减氮25%）,控释氮肥1（CRU1,施氮量同OPT）,控释氮肥2（CRU2,较FP减氮40%）。通过2年田间定位试验,系统分析了春玉米不同生育期植株生物量和氮素累积以及成熟期的分配特征,并研究了不同施氮处理对玉米产量、氮肥利用效率及氮素转运效率的影响。【结果】不同施氮处理间产量及产量构成因子差异显著,且年际和处理间的交互作用也达到极显著水平。玉米产量并未因施氮量的减少而降低,且有小幅度增产。CRU1处理的玉米产量高于FP处理,两年平均增产4.5%,但与OPT处理产量相比差异并不显著。控释氮肥减量施用提高了氮肥生理效率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率,CRU1处理较FP处理,氮肥生理效率提高了28.5%,氮肥农学利用率提高了4.9 kg·kg^-1,氮肥偏生产力提高了18.1 kg·kg^-1,氮肥利用率提高了18.4%。春玉米干物质积累量随生育时期的推移呈快-慢-快的积累动态,且年际间变化趋势基本相一致,CRU1处理玉米地上部干物质积累量较FP处理增加了7.7%。控释氮肥适量减施不影响植株后期氮素的累积与分配,还可以提升植株氮素的吸收利用能力,促进花后植株养分的转运效率。CRU1处理玉米地上部氮素累积量较FP处理增加了5.0%,CRU1处理对籽粒的贡献率最高,两年平均为62.1%,较FP处理提高13.3%。【结论】控释氮肥减量25%（180 kg·hm^-2）施用不降低玉米产量,还可有效提高植株氮素的转运效率,从而提高氮肥利用率。控释氮肥处理与推荐施肥处理在玉米产量、养分积累和转运以及氮肥利用均无显著性差异,相对农民习惯处理有显著性提高。

关键词: 春玉米, 控释氮肥, 减量施用, 产量, 氮素累积

Abstract:

【Objective】The field experiment was conducted to research the formation of dry matter, nutrient requirement and distribution characteristics of spring maize when the rate of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (CRU) was lower than that of farmers conventional fertilization, to cope with the unreasonable nitrogen fertilizer application and the decrease of the nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring maize in Jilin province. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of CRU on yield, nitrogen absorption and transportation, and to provide scientific references to the reasonable CRU application of spring maize in Jilin province. 【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Liufangzi village, Gongzhuling city, Jilin province from 2013 to 2014. The maize variety was Xianyu335 in this experiment. It consisted of five fertilization treatments, including no nitrogen fertilizer (CK), farmer conventional fertilization (FP), recommended fertilization (OPT, the N fertilizer rate was less than that of FP by 25%), the N fertilizer rate was the same as OPT (CRU1), and the N fertilizer rate was less than that of FP by 40% (CRU2). The two-year study systematically analyzed the maize plant biomass, nitrogen accumulation at different growth stages and distribution characteristics at mature stage, and studied the effects of maize yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen transportation efficiency under different nitrogen fertilization treatments. 【Result】There were significant differences between yield and its components of different nitrogen treatments, and the interaction between years and treatments was extremely significant difference. Maize yield increased slightly with decreasing of nitrogen application rate. The higher yield of CRU1 treatment was significantly higher than that of FP treatment by 4.5% in the average two years, but the yield was no significant difference between CRU1 and OPT treatments. Reduced CRU application increased nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE), agricultural efficiency (NAE), partial factor productivity (NPFP) and utilization efficiency (NUE) than them of FP treatment. The NPE, NAE, NPFP and NUE of CRU1 treatment were higher than that of FP treatment by 28.5%, 4.9 kg·kg^-1, 18.1 kg·kg^-1 and 18.4%, respectively. The dry matter accumulation amount appeared fast-slow-fast dynamic changes with the development of the maize growth stages, and the annual change trend was consistent basically under these treatments. The dry matter accumulation of maize shoot under CRU1 treatment was higher than that of FP treatment by 7.7%. Reduced CRU application did not affect the nitrogen accumulation and distribution at maize later growth stage, but could improve plant nitrogen absorption and utilization ability, and promoted the nutrition transportation efficiency after flowering stage. The nitrogen accumulation of CRU1 treatment was higher than that of FP treatment by 5.0% of maize. The contribution rate to grain of CRU1 treatment was the highest than the other treatments by 62.1% in the average two years, which was higher than that under FP treatment by 13.3%. 【Conclusion】Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer decreased nitrogen fertilizer by 25% (180 kg·hm^-2). It did not only increase maize yield, but also improved nitrogen transportation efficiency, therefore resulting in higher nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency. There were no significant difference between CRU treatment and OPT treatment on maize yield, nutrition accumulation and transportation, and nitrogen utilization efficiency, but which of CRU and OPT was significantly higher than FP treatment, respectively.

Key words: spring maize, controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer, reduced fertilizer application, yield, nitrogen accumulation

尹彩侠, 李前, 孔丽丽, 秦裕波, 王蒙, 于雷, 刘春光, 王立春, 侯云鹏. 控释氮肥减施对春玉米产量、氮素吸收及转运的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3941-3950.

CaiXia YIN, Qian LI, LiLi KONG, YuBo QIN, Meng WANG, Lei YU, ChunGuang LIU, LiChun WANG, YunPeng HOU. Effect of Reduced Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Transportation of Spring Maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3941-3950.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.012

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2018/V51/I20/3941

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)	收获穗数 Ear number (ear/hm²)	穗粒数 Kernel number (No./ear)	百粒重 100-grains weight (g)
2013	CK	9596b	55115b	540.0b	32.8d
	FP	12448a	58201a	588.3a	37.9c
	OPT	12762a	58642a	598.5a	39.7b
	CRU1	12779a	60406a	598.5a	40.7a
	CRU2	12727a	59965a	609.5a	39.2c
2014	CK	9427c	54674b	489.3b	31.5b
	FP	9722bc	58201a	530.7ab	34.7a
	OPT	10753a	59965a	554.7ab	35.1a
	CRU1	10380ab	59524a	576.0a	35.0a
	CRU2	10019bc	58642a	566.7a	34.9a
均值 Mean	CK	9512b	54894b	514.7c	32.2c
	FP	11085a	58201a	559.5b	36.3b
	OPT	11757a	59303a	576.6a	37.4ab
	CRU1	11579a	59965a	587.3a	37.8ab
	CRU2	11373a	59303a	588.1a	37.1ab
变异来源Source of varieties
施氮方式Methods of N fertilization (F)		**	**	**	**
年份Year (Y)		**	NS	**	**
施氮方式×年份 F×Y		**	NS	NS	**

处理 Treatment	氮肥生理利用率 NPE (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥农学利用率 AEN (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 PFPN (kg·kg^-1)	氮肥利用率 NUE (%)
FP	23.9b	6.6b	46.2c	22.1b
OPT	28.6a	12.5a	65.3b	41.8a
CRU1	30.7a	11.5a	64.3b	40.5a
CRU2	27.2a	12.9a	79.0a	43.8a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	转运量 Transportation amount (kg·hm^-2)	转运率 Transportation rate (%)	对籽粒氮贡献率 Contribution rate to grain (%)
2013	CK	64.2c	52.0d	52.9c
	FP	112.4b	57.7c	65.4b
	OPT	122.9b	59.6bc	62.8b
	CRU1	142.3a	67.8a	75.2a
	CRU2	124.3b	62.6b	69.7ab
2014	CK	33.5c	43.7a	36.3b
	FP	47.8b	43.7a	44.1ab
	OPT	58.6a	47.8a	47.4a
	CRU1	56.2ab	43.8a	48.9a
	CRU2	59.6a	46.9a	49.2a