缓释氮肥一次性施肥对单季稻氮素吸收和产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.20.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】研究不同类型缓释氮肥一次性施肥的单季稻氮肥减施和稳产效应,筛选适宜于单季稻一次性施肥的缓释氮肥类型。【方法】2013—2016年在浙江省长兴县林城镇、太湖新城和金华市蒋堂镇分别布置11个缓释氮肥一次性施肥田间小区试验,比较树脂包膜尿素（RCU）、聚氨酯包膜尿素（PCU）和稳定性肥料（NIU）等缓释氮肥一次性施肥处理（氮肥用量225 kg·hm^-2）与常规分次施肥处理（尿素Urea,种植大户常规施肥,270 kg·hm^-2）在单季稻产量、土壤氮素供应特征和水稻氮素吸收特征、氮肥利用率等方面的差异。【结果】（1）多点试验汇总结果表明不施氮肥处理（N0）的水稻产量为Urea处理的83.9%,3个试验点Urea处理的平均氮肥利用率为19.2%—20.1%。3种缓释氮肥一次性施肥处理单季稻平均产量与Urea处理间没有显著差异。（2）RCU和PCU处理在林城和太湖新城试验中地上部氮含量、氮素吸收量与Urea处理间没有显著差异,NIU处理在太湖新城试验中地上部氮含量著低于Urea处理。金华试验点籼粳杂交稻品种试验中3种缓释氮肥处理稻谷中氮含量都明显下降。（3）RCU处理单季稻平均产量显著高于PCU和NIU处理,多点试验中产量变异系数较小,水稻生长后期土壤铵态氮含量和植株氮素吸收强度都高于Urea处理,氮肥利用率比Urea处理提高了2.8—9.0个百分点。【结论】基于现阶段土壤基础肥力和常规施肥量,采用RCU、PCU或NIU一次性基施,氮肥用量比现阶段常规施肥量减少16.7%时,可以满足单季稻一次性施肥要求。

关键词: 缓释氮肥, 一次性施肥, 单季稻, 氮素吸收, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

【Objective】 The aim of this study was to investigate the stable-yield effect and mechanism of one-off fertilization of slow-released nitrogen fertilizer (SRF) in the single-season rice, and to screen the suitable types of SRF in the single-rice system. 【Method】 To determine the differences in rice yield, dynamic changes in soil N supply and N uptake by rice during the rice-growing season between one-off fertilization of slow-released fertilizers (stabilized fertilizer, NIU; resin coated urea, RCU; and polyurethane coated urea, PCU; 225 kg·hm^-2) and split application of urea (Urea, 270 kg·hm^-2), we carried out 11 field plot trials in a single-crop rice system at the Lincheng and Taihu Xincheng of Changxin county and Jiangtang of Jinhua county, in the Zhejiang Province from 2013 to 2016. 【Result】 (1) The results showed that the rice yield in N0 treatment was 83.9% of that in Urea treatment. The mean N use efficiency (NUE) in the Urea treatment was 19.2%-20.1% at the three sites. No significant difference was found in average rice yield between the one-off fertilization of SRFs and Urea. (2) There were no significant differences in the N concentration in rice plant and N uptake by rice among the RCU, PCU and Urea treatments at Lincheng and Taihu Xincheng, while the N concentration in rice plant was significantly lower in the NIU treatment than in the Urea treatment. All the N concentrations in grain were significantly lower in the three SRFs treatments than that in the Urea treatment at Jinhua. (3) The rice yield was significantly higher in the RCU treatment than in both PCU and NIU treatment. The coefficient of variation of rice yield was relatively low in the RCU treatment. In the late stage of rice growing, the soil ammonium-N and N uptake intensity was significantly higher in the RCU treatment than that in the Urea treatment, respectively. Application of SRFs increased the N use efficiency by 2.8%-9.0%, compared to the Urea treatment. 【Conclusion】 Based on the basic soil fertility and conventional N application rate, one-off fertilization of RCU, PCU or NIU, reducing N rate by 16.7%, could maintain the grain yield of rice. Thus, one-off fertilization of slow release fertilizer was an alternative N management in single-rice system.

Key words: slow-release N fertilizer, one-off fertilization, single-season rice, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency

王强, 姜丽娜, 潘建清, 李建强, 马军伟, 叶静, 邹平. 缓释氮肥一次性施肥对单季稻氮素吸收和产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(20): 3951-3960.

Qiang WANG, LiNa JIANG, JianQing PAN, JianQiang LI, JunWei MA, Jing YE, Ping ZOU. Yield and Nitrogen Adsorption of Single-Cropping Rice as Influenced by One-off Fertilization of Slow-Released Nitrogen Fertilizer[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(20): 3951-3960.

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年份 Year	试验地点 Sits	土壤类型 Soil type	土壤质地 Soil texture	pH	有机质 Organic Matter (g?kg^-1)	全氮 Total-N (g?kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-N (mg?kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P (mg?kg^-1)	速效钾 Avail-K (mg?kg^-1)
2013	林城 LC	潜育型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	粉砂质黏土 Silty clay	5.20	38.36	2.49	217.1	9.9	55.0
2013	太湖新城 THXC	淹育型水稻土 Submerged paddy soil	砂质壤土 Sandy loam	5.79	37.05	2.36	212.6	105.2	162.0
2014	林城 LC	潜育型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	粉砂质黏土 Silty clay	5.64	35.25	2.11	239.7	20.3	69.0
2014	太湖新城 THXC	淹育型水稻土 Submerged paddy soil	砂质壤土 Sandy loam	5.83	39.80	2.52	203.5	58.4	207.0
2014	金华 JH	潴育型水稻土 Waterlogged paddy soil	粉砂质黏壤土 Silty clay loam	4.89	28.88	1.93	161.3	51.6	101.0
2015	林城 LC	潜育型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	粉砂质黏土 Silty clay	5.26	32.70	2.01	232.76	12.5	54.8
2015	太湖新城 THXC	淹育型水稻土 Submerged paddy soil	砂质壤土 Sand loam	5.33	38.00	2.49	203.46	48.9	149.7
2015	金华 JH	潴育型水稻土 Waterlogged paddy soil	粉砂质黏壤土 Silty clay loam	5.10	22.50	1.82	191.07	38.7	40.9
2016	林城 LC	潜育型水稻土 Gleyed paddy soil	粉砂质黏土 Silty clay	5.99	29.03	1.91	188.72	7.20	49.83
2016	太湖新城 THXC	淹育型水稻土 Submerged paddy soil	砂质壤土 Sandy loam	5.69	38.11	2.31	255.86	27.31	166.29
2016	金华 JH	潴育型水稻土 Waterlogged paddy soil	粉砂质黏壤土 Silty clay loam	4.88	27.04	1.84	147.23	20.01	62.79

处理 Treatment		不施氮 N0	尿素分次施肥 Urea	稳定性肥料一次性施肥 NIU	树脂包膜尿素一次性施肥 RCU	聚氨酯包膜尿素一次性施肥 PCU
试验点 Sits	太湖新城 THXC（n=4）	5851.8±348.8c (6.0)	7221.8±159.1ab (2.2)	6929.9±598.6b (8.6)	7524.1±78.0a (1.0)	6940.0±120.4b (1.7)
	林城 LC（n=4）	6736.7±864.4b (12.8)	8152.3±797.2a (9.8)	8076.6±934.2a (11.6)	8255.2±757.8a (9.2)	8082.5±1029.6a (12.7)
	金华 JH（n=3）	7901.0±816.0b (10.3)	8911.0±1459.2a (16.4)	8838.2±1491.7a (16.9)	8862.5±1431.6a (16.2)	8859.2±1435.4a (16.2)
	总平均 Mean（n=11）	6732.5±1055.3c (15.7)	8020.9±1060.2ab (13.2)	7867.3±1210.8b (15.4)	8155.0±947.3a (11.6)	7878.9±1179.2b (15.0)
年度 Year	2013年（n=2）	6673.8±1643.0 (24.6)	8203.3±1367.2 (16.7)	7451.3±2002.2 (26.9)	8322.0±1262.9 (15.2)	8072.3±1621.0 (20.1)
	2014年（n=3）	6810.4±1451.9c (21.3)	8980.3±1864.1b (20.8)	8801.0±2027.7a (23.0)	8978.4±1701.9a (19.0)	8644.2±2076.6a (24.0)
	2015年（n=3）	7012.0±1150.5b (16.4)	7874.1±749.4a (9.5)	8060.8±735.4a (9.1)	8113.0±565.9a (7.0)	7910.2±947.8a (12.0)
	2016年（n=3）	6414.2±711.0b (11.1)	7672.6±439.2a (5.7)	7710.5±566.4a (4.7)	7801.3±365.1a (4.7)	7593.9±500.7a (6.6)
S		0.000
Y		0.000
T		0.000
S×Y		0.000
S×T		0.578
S×T		0.575
S×Y×T		0.661