不同氮效率基因型小麦根系吸收特性与氮素利用差异的分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.12.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】通过研究分析不同基因型小麦根系吸收特性与地上部氮素利用的差异，明确不同氮效率基因型小麦氮素吸收利用的生理机制，为氮高效小麦品种的选育和高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2012—2015年采用大田试验和盆栽试验相结合的方法，在不同氮效率品种筛选的基础上，以氮高效品种周麦27、郑麦366和氮低效品种周麦28、开麦20为试验材料，在不同氮素水平条件下研究其根冠关系、根系生物量、根系吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、根系活力以及地上、地下部氮素转运分配能力的差异。【结果】两类品种小麦拔节期前根系特性无明显差异，拔节期之后氮高效品种周麦27、郑麦366和氮低效品种周麦28根系生物量、根冠比、根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积均显著高于氮低效品种开麦20。氮高效品种周麦27、郑麦366根系活力显著高于氮低效品种周麦28和开麦20。氮高效品种周麦27、郑麦366和氮低效品种周麦28氮素积累量和花后氮素吸收量也显著高于氮低效品种开麦20。氮高效品种周麦27、郑麦366籽粒产量、植株氮素利用效率、氮肥生理利用率、花前氮素转运量、氮素籽粒分配比例均显著高于氮低效品种周麦28、开麦20。与常规供氮水平相比，降低供氮量，4个基因型小麦根系生物量、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、根系活力、成熟氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量和产量降低，根冠比、氮素吸收效率、植株氮素利用效率和氮肥生理利用效率升高。增加供氮量，根系生物量表现为周麦27、郑麦366、开麦20降低而周麦28增加。4个基因型小麦根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、根系活力、成熟期氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量和产量均显著升高，而根冠比、氮素吸收效率、植株氮素利用效率和氮肥生理利用率降低。【结论】氮高效品种周麦27、郑麦366较高的根系生物量、根系活力、根系总吸收面积和根系活跃吸收面积促进了其对氮素的吸收，是氮高效的基础。较高的氮素转运、氮素籽粒分配能力和合理的根冠比促进了其对氮素的高效利用，是氮高效的关键。氮低效品种周麦28虽然也有较强的氮素吸收能力，但其氮素转运能力过低、生育后期根冠比过大限制了植株对氮素的合理利用，不利于氮效率的提高。氮低效品种开麦20氮素吸收能力不足，不能满足地上部生长的需要，限制了氮效率的提高。

关键词: 普通小麦, 根系, 氮素利用, 氮效率

Abstract: 【Objective】This study was aimed at clarifying the physiological mechanisms of nitrogen uptake and utilization of wheat, and providing a theoretical basis for breeding and high-efficiency cultivation of wheat genotypes with high nitrogen efficiency, by analyzing the difference in root absorption characteristics and shoot nitrogen utilization of wheat genotypes with different nitrogen efficiencies. 【Method】 In this study, Nitrogen-efficient cultivars Zhoumai 27, Zhengmai 366 and Nitrogen-inefficient cultivars Zhoumai 28, Kaimai 20 were selected from 16 wheat genotypes in yield conditions. The relationship of root and shoot, root dry weight, root physiological activity, and the difference in nitrogen transport and distribution capability of root and shoot were researched under different nitrogen levels.【Result】The result showed that there were no significant differences in root characters of two types of wheat genotypes before jointing stage. After jointing stage, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root total absorption area and root active absorption area of Zhoumai 27, Zhengmai 366, and 28 were significantly higher than Kaimai 20. Root vigor of N-efficient genotypes was significantly higher than that of N-inefficient genotypes. The nitrogen accumulation amount at mature and nitrogen absorption amount after anthesis of Zhoumai 27, Zhengmai 366, and 28 were significantly higher than Kaimai 20. The grain yield, plant nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency, and nitrogen distribution ratio in grain of N-efficient genotypes Zhoumai 27, Zhengmai 366 were significantly higher than N-inefficient genotypes Zhoumai 28 and Kai Mai 20. The translocation amount to grain of N-efficient genotypes Zhoumai 27, Zhengmai 366 were significantly higher than those of N-inefficient genotypes Zhoumai 28, Kaimai 20, which vegetative organs accumulated nitrogen before anthesis. Compared with conventional nitrogen application rate, reduced supply nitrogen, root dry weight, root total absorption area, root active absorption area, root vigor, nitrogen accumulation amount at mature, nitrogen accumulation translocation to grain, and grain yield of the four wheat genotypes were decreased, when nitrogen application rate was reduced. At the same time, root to shoot ratio, nitrogen uptake efficiency, plant nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen physiological efficiency were increased when nitrogen application rate was reduced, root dry weight of four wheat genotypes, except for Zhoumai 28. At the same time, root total absorption area, root active absorption area, root vigor, nitrogen accumulation amount at mature, nitrogen accumulation translocation to grain, and grain yield of the four wheat genotypes were increased. And the root to shoot ratio, nitrogen uptake efficiency, plant nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen physiological efficiency were decreased.【Conclusion】The higher root biomass, root activity, root total absorption area, and root active absorption area of N-efficient wheat genotypes contributed to its absorption of nitrogen; it was the basis of nitrogen efficiency. The higher Nitrogen translocation, nitrogen grain distribution capacity, and reasonable shoot ratio of N-efficient wheat genotypes promotes its utilization of nitrogen, and it was the key for nitrogen efficiency. Although the N-inefficient wheat cultivar Zhoumai 28 had the strongest nitrogen absorption capacity, it had low transport capacity of nitrogen fertility and excessive shoot ratio after anthesis, which limited rational nitrogen utilization of wheat plant, which was not conducive to the improvement of nitrogen efficiency. The lower nitrogen efficiency of Kaimai 20 was due to its lower nitrogen absorption capacity.

Key words: common wheat, root, nitrogen utilization, nitrogen efficiency

熊淑萍，吴克远，王小纯，张捷，杜盼，吴懿鑫，马新明. 不同氮效率基因型小麦根系吸收特性与氮素利用差异的分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(12): 2267-2279.

XIONG Shu-ping, WU Ke-yuan, WANG Xiao-chun, ZHANG Jie, DU Pan, WU Yi-xin, MA Xin-ming. Analysis of Root Absorption Characteristics and Nitrogen Utilization of Wheat Genotypes with Different N Efficiency[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(12): 2267-2279.

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