不同分子量聚天冬氨酸对小麦根系生长和养分吸收的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.13.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】聚天冬氨酸（PASP）是天冬氨酸（ASP）的聚合物,分子量由一千至数十万,因具有促进作物生长和养分吸收的作用,在农业上应用广泛,但其应用效果与分子量密切相关。本文通过红外光谱分析和水培试验,研究不同分子量PASP的结构特性及其对小麦根系生长和养分吸收的影响,以明确不同分子量PASP的应用特点与作用机制,为PASP在新型增效肥料研制和农业生产中的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】以小麦（济麦22）为供试作物,霍格兰营养液为基础培养液进行水培试验,将天冬氨酸（ASP）和低分子量（<1 kDa,PAL）、中分子量（3—5 kDa,PAM）、高分子量（>10 kDa,PAH）PASP分别设置10 mg·L^-1、25 mg·L^-1和50 mg·L^-13个添加量加入培养液中,以仅用营养液为对照（CK）,试验共13个处理,每个处理重复4次。培养20 d后收获,测定小麦地上部和根系的干重与氮、磷、钾含量以及根系的形态、吸收面积和活力。【结果】（1）不同分子量聚天冬氨酸结构不同,随着分子量的增加,聚天冬氨酸肽键含量逐渐增加,羧基含量先增加后降低,其中,PAH肽键含量最高,PAM羧基含量最高。（2）应用不同分子量聚天冬氨酸均可促进小麦生长,提高干物质积累量,表现为PAM>PAH>PAL≈ASP;其中根系干重较CK增加11.90%—19.06%,PAM在10 mg·L^-1、25 mg·L^-1和50 mg·L^-1添加量下,小麦总干重分别较CK显著增加9.13%、23.36%和20.54%。（3）不同分子量聚天冬氨酸均可优化小麦根系形态,增加根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积和活力,以PAM效果最好。（4）不同分子量聚天冬氨酸均促进了小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,以PAM效果最好,PAH次之;在50 mg·L^-1添加量下,小麦对氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量最高,其中PAM较CK分别显著增加16.88%、25.97%、21.61%,PAH较CK分别显著增加16.28%、23.36%、18.16%。（5）相关性分析表明,不同分子量聚天冬氨酸肽键、羧基含量与小麦干物质重、氮磷钾养分吸收量以及根长和根系总吸收面积均极显著正相关;而小麦干物质重和氮磷钾养分吸收量与根系表面积、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积及活力均显著或极显著正相关。【结论】不同分子量聚天冬氨酸（PASP）均能促进小麦生长,优化根系形态,提高根系吸收面积和根系活力,促进小麦对养分的吸收;不同分子量PASP结构不同,随着分子量的增加,PASP肽键含量增加,羧基含量先增加后降低,肽键和羧基含量与小麦生长和氮磷钾养分吸收量呈正相关。在本试验条件下,以中分子量PASP（3—5 kDa）对小麦生长和养分吸收的促进作用最好,高分子量PASP（>10 kDa）次之;在用量上,不同分子量PASP以高用量（50 mg·L^-1）对小麦整株的生长和养分吸收促进效果最好,但以中等用量（25 mg·L^-1）对小麦根系的生长和养分吸收促进效果最佳。

关键词: 聚天冬氨酸, 分子量, 小麦, 根系, 养分吸收

Abstract:

【Objective】 Polyaspartic acid (PASP) is a polymer of aspartic acid (ASP) with molecular weight ranging from 1000 to hundreds of thousands. Owing to its function in promoting crop growth and nutrient uptake, PASP has been widely used in agriculture, while its structure and application effect varied when its molecular weight changed. Therefore, in this study, the structural characteristics of PASP with different molecular weights were analyzed by using infrared spectroscopy, and the effects of it on wheat root growth and nutrient uptake in hydroponic experiments were investigated to clarify the characteristics and efficiency-enhanced mechanism of PASP with different molecular weights, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific application for PASP in the development of new efficiency-enhanced fertilizer and agricultural production.【Method】A hydroponic experiment was carried out by using Hoagland nutrition solution and wheat (Jimai 22). Four kinds of test materials, including aspartic acid (ASP), PASP with low molecular weight (<1 kDa, PAL), PASP with medium molecular weight (3-5 kDa, PAM), and PASP with high molecular weight (>10 kDa, PAH), were separately added into the cultural solution in ratio of 10 mg·L^-1, 25 mg·L^-1 and 50 mg·L^-1, and the treatment only with Hoagland nutrient solution was set as the control group (CK). Thus, there were a total of 13 treatments, and each treatment was repeated four times. After 20-day growth, the wheat seedlings were harvested to determine shoot dry matter weight, root dry matter weight, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content as well as root morphology, root absorption area, root activity.【Result】(1) The structure of polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights was different. With the increase of molecular weight of polyaspartic acid, the content of peptide bond increased gradually, and the content of carboxyl group increased first and then decreased, among which, PAH had the highest peptide bond content, and PAM had the highest carboxyl group content. (2) The addition of PASP with different molecular weights could significantly improve the dry matter weight of wheat. The total dry matter weight of wheat was shown in the descending order: PAM>PAH>PAL≈ASP. Compared with CK, PASP increased the dry weight of wheat root by 11.90%-19.06%. Compared with CK, at the additive amount of 10 mg·L^-1, 25 mg·L^-1 and 50 mg·L^-1, the total dry weight of wheat treated by PAM increased by 9.13%, 23.36% and 20.54%, respectively. (3) Polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights could optimize wheat root morphology and increase total absorption area, active absorption area and root activity. PAM had a better performance than other PASP treatment. (4) The addition of PASP with different molecular weights could promote the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the greatest promotion was obtained with PAM addition, followed by PAH addition. As for the treatments with the same material, the total uptake of nutrients was the highest at 50 mg·L^-1 of PASP addition. When 50 mg·L^-1 of PAM addition, the total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium significantly increased by 16.88%, 25.97% and 21.61% than that of CK, respectively, and that 50 mg·L^-1 of PAH addition significantly increased by 16.28%, 23.36% and 18.16% than CK, respectively. (5) Correlation analysis showed that the contents of peptide bond and carboxyl group of polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights were significantly positively correlated with total dry matter weight, total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as total root length and total root absorption area. The dry matter weight and nutrient uptake of wheat were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with root surface area, total absorption area, active absorption area, and root activity.【Conclusion】Polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights could promote wheat growth, optimize root morphology, increase root absorption area and root activity, further promote nutrient uptake. The structure of polyaspartic acid with different molecular weights was different. With the increase of molecular weight of polyaspartic acid, the content of peptide bond increased gradually, and the content of carboxyl group increased first and then decreased. The content of peptide bond and carboxyl group of polyaspartic acid was positively correlated with wheat growth and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake. Under the conditions of this experiment, PASP with molecular weight of 3-5 kDa had the best performance on wheat root growth and nutrient uptake, followed by polyaspartic acid with molecular weight greater than 10 kDa. As for different additive amounts, PASP with high dosage (50 mg·L^-1) showed a more significant promoting effect on wheat growth and total nutrient uptake, while that with medium dosage (25 mg·L^-1) had the best performance on wheat root growth and root nutrient uptake.

Key words: polyaspartic acid, molecular weight, wheat, root, nutrient uptake

刘媛,袁亮,张水勤,赵秉强,李燕婷. 不同分子量聚天冬氨酸对小麦根系生长和养分吸收的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(13): 2526-2537.

LIU Yuan,YUAN Liang,ZHANG ShuiQin,ZHAO BingQiang,LI YanTing. Effects of Polyaspartic Acid with Different Molecular Weights on Root Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(13): 2526-2537.

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处理 Treatment	分子量 Molecular weight	元素含量Elemental content (%)				元素摩尔比Elemental mole ratio
处理 Treatment	分子量 Molecular weight	C	H	N	O	C/N	H/C	O/C
ASP	133.10	35.80	5.01	10.62	48.57	3.37	0.14	1.36
PAL	<1 kDa	25.92	5.72	7.68	60.68	3.38	0.22	2.34
PAM	3-5 kDa	27.19	5.45	8.00	59.36	3.40	0.20	2.18
PAH	>10 kDa	26.91	5.30	8.11	59.68	3.32	0.20	2.22

处理 Treatment	添加量 Additive amount (mg·L^-1)
处理 Treatment	ASP	PAL	PAM	PAH
CK	0	0	0	0
ASP10	10	0	0	0
ASP25	25	0	0	0
ASP50	50	0	0	0
PAL10	0	10	0	0
PAL25	0	25	0	0
PAL50	0	50	0	0
PAM10	0	0	10	0
PAM25	0	0	25	0
PAM50	0	0	50	0
PAH10	0	0	0	10
PAH25	0	0	0	25
PAH50	0	0	0	50

处理 Treatment	根系干重 Root dry weight			平均 Mean	地上部干重 Ground dry weight			平均 Mean	总干重 Total dry weight			平均 Mean
处理 Treatment	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean
CK	0.42b	0.42b	0.42b	0.42	1.67ab	1.67b	1.67c	1.67	2.09b	2.09c	2.09b	2.09
ASP	0.49a	0.51a	0.49a	0.50	1.65b	1.87ab	1.8bc	1.77	2.14b	2.38ab	2.29ab	2.27
PAL	0.46ab	0.50a	0.45ab	0.47	1.66ab	1.74b	1.98ab	1.79	2.12b	2.24bc	2.43a	2.26
PAM	0.50a	0.53a	0.46ab	0.50	1.78a	2.04a	2.06a	1.96	2.28a	2.58a	2.52a	2.46
PAH	0.44ab	0.51a	0.47ab	0.47	1.75ab	1.85ab	1.98ab	1.86	2.18ab	2.36ab	2.45a	2.33

处理 Treatment	根系吸氮量 Nitrogen uptake of root			平均 Mean	地上部吸氮量 Nitrogen uptake of ground			平均 Mean	总吸氮量 Nitrogen uptake of total plant			平均 Mean
处理 Treatment	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean
CK	22.13b	22.13d	22.13b	22.13	141.13a	141.13c	141.13c	141.13	163.27a	163.27c	163.27c	163.27
ASP	22.05b	24.59c	25.51a	24.05	144.63a	144.85bc	143.29bc	144.26	166.68a	169.44c	168.79bc	168.30
PAL	22.71b	27.12b	24.16a	24.66	142.19a	141.97c	149.58b	144.58	164.90a	169.09c	173.74b	169.24
PAM	24.77a	29.40a	25.23a	26.47	142.69a	168.20a	165.59a	158.83	167.46a	197.61a	190.83a	185.30
PAH	21.75b	25.96bc	25.54a	24.42	142.80a	152.51b	164.30 a	153.20	164.56a	178.47b	189.84a	177.62

处理 Treatment	根系吸磷量 Phosphorus uptake of root			平均 Mean	地上部吸磷量 Phosphorus uptake of ground			平均 Mean	总吸磷量 Phosphorus uptake of total plant			平均 Mean
处理 Treatment	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean	10 mg·L^-1	25 mg·L^-1	50 mg·L^-1	平均 Mean
CK	4.27a	4.27c	4.27c	4.27	17.22 a	17.22b	17.22c	17.22	21.49a	21.49c	21.49d	21.49
ASP	4.28a	4.65bc	5.21a	4.71	17.36a	17.36b	19.59b	18.10	21.63a	22.01bc	24.80b	22.81
PAL	4.46a	4.94b	4.31c	4.57	17.30a	17.49b	19.07b	17.95	21.76a	22.43bc	23.38c	22.52
PAM	4.44a	5.58 a	4.78b	4.93	18.46a	19.43a	22.29a	20.06	22.90a	25.00a	27.07a	24.99
PAH	4.33a	5.06 b	5.27a	4.88	17.95a	18.10ab	21.24a	19.10	22.28a	23.16b	26.51a	23.98