食品科学Food Science
This study aimed to use Raman spectroscopy to identify the producing areas of peanut oil and build a robust discriminant model to further screen out the characteristic spectra closely related to the origin. Raman spectra of 159 peanut oil samples from different provinces and different cities of the same province were collected. The obtained data were analyzed by stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA), k-nearest neighbor analysis (k-NN), support vector machine (SVM) and multi-way analysis of variance. The results showed that the overall recognition rate of samples based on full spectra was higher than 90%. The producing origin, variety and their interaction influenced Raman spectra of peanut oil significantly, and 1 400–1 500 cm–1 and 1 600–1 700 cm–1 were selected as the characteristic spectra of origin and less affected by variety. The best classification model established by SLDA combined with characteristic spectra could rapidly and accurately identify peanut oil’s origin.
Winter jujube (Ziziphus jujuba ‘Dongzao’) is an excellent late maturing variety of fresh-eating jujube in China. Fruit texture is an important indicator of sensory quality. To investigate the correlations among texture indices and establish an evaluation system for winter jujube texture, we used the TMS-Touch instrument to perform a texture profile analysis (TPA) on 1 150 winter jujubes from three major producing areas in China. Eight indices and their best-fit distribution were obtained, including fracture (Pearson), hardness (InvGauss), adhesive force (Weibull), adhesiveness (LogLogistic), cohesiveness (LogLogistic), springiness (BetaGeneral), gumminess (InvGauss), and chewiness (InvGauss). Based on the best-fit distribution curves, each index was divided into five grades (lower, low, medium, high and higher) by the 10th, 30th, 70th and 90th percentiles. Among the texture indices, 82% of the correlation coefficients were highly significant (P<0.01); meanwhile, chewiness was significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with springiness and gumminess, of which the correlation coefficients were up to 0.8692 and 0.8096, respectively. However, adhesiveness was significantly (P<0.01) and negatively related to adhesive force with a correlation coefficient of –0.7569. Among hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness, each index could be well fitted by a multiple linear regression with the remaining four indices, with the coefficients above 0.94 and the mean fitting error and mean prediction error lower than 10%. A comprehensive evaluation model was consequently established based on factor analysis to evaluate the texture quality of winter jujube. The results demonstrated that winter jujube with higher comprehensive scores generally exhibited higher springiness and chewiness, but had lower adhesive force and adhesiveness. We used factor analysis and clustering analysis to divide the eight studied texture into four groups (cohesive factor, adhesive-soft factor, tough-hard factor, and crispness factor), whose representative indices were springiness, adhesiveness, hardness, and fracture, respectively. Overall, this study investigated the variation in each index of winter jujube texture, explored the association among these indices, screened the representative indices, and established a texture evaluation system. The results provide a methodological basis and technical support for evaluating winter jujube texture.
High-moisture extrusion technology should be considered one of the best choices for producing plant-based meat substitutes with the rich fibrous structure offered by real animal meat products. Unfortunately, the extrusion process has been seen as a “black box” with limited information about what occurs inside, causing serious obstacles in developing meat substitutes. This study designed a high-moisture extrusion process and developed 10 new plant-based meat substitutes comparable to the fibrous structure of real animal meat. The study used the Feature-Augmented Principal Component Analysis (FA-PCA) method to visualize and understand the whole extrusion process in three ways systematically and accurately. It established six sets of mathematical models of the high-moisture extrusion process based on 8 000 pieces of data, including five types of parameters. The FA-PCA method improved the R2 values significantly compared with the PCA method. The Way 3 was the best to predict product quality (Z), demonstrating that the gradually molecular conformational changes (Yn´) were critical in controlling the final quality of the plant-based meat substitutes. Moreover, the first visualization platform software for the high-moisture extrusion process has been established to clearly show the “black box” by combining the virtual simulation technology. Through the software, some practice work such as equipment installation, parameter adjustment, equipment disassembly, and data prediction can be easily achieved.
This study investigated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on fresh and cooked meat color and premature browning (PMB) in ground meat patties (85% beef and 15% pork back fat) packaged under high-oxygen modified atmospheres (HiOx-MAP). The GSE was added to patties at concentrations of 0, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g kg–1. This study evaluated the surface color, pH, lipid oxidation, and total viable counts (TVC) of raw patties, and the internal color and pH of patties cooked to a temperature of 66 or 71°C over 10-day storage at 4°C. Compared with the control (0 g kg–1 GSE), GSE improved the color stability (P<0.05) and significantly inhibited the lipid and myoglobin oxidation of raw patties from day 5 to 10, but GSE had no effect (P>0.05) on TVC. Patties containing 0.50 and 0.75 g kg–1 GSE cooked to 66°C exhibited greater (P<0.05) interior redness than the control and reduced the PMB of cooked patties in the late storage stage. These results suggested that 0.50 and 0.75 g kg–1 GSE can improve fresh meat color and minimize PMB of HiOx-MAP patties.
The metabolomics variations among rice, brown rice, wet germinated brown rice, and processed wet germinated brown rice
Germination and processing are always accompanied by significant changes in the metabolic compositions of rice. In this study, polished rice (rice), brown rice, wet germinated brown rice (WGBR), high temperature and pressure-treated WGBR (WGBR-HTP), and low temperature-treated WGBR (WGBR-T18) were enrolled. An untargeted metabolomics assay isolated 6 122 positive ions and 4 224 negative ions (multiple difference ≥1.2 or ≤0.8333, P<0.05, and VIP≥1) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. These identified ions were mainly classified into three categories, including the compounds with biological roles, lipids, and phytochemical compounds. In addition to WGBR-T18 vs. WGBR, massive differential positive and negative ions were revealed between rice of different forms. Flavonoids, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and organoxygen compounds were the dominant differential metabolites. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, there 7 metabolic pathways (phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, histidine metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism) were determined between brown rice and rice. Germination changed the metabolic pathways of porphyrin and chlorophyll, pyrimidine, and purine metabolisms in brown rice. In addition, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism were differential metabolic pathways between WGBR-HTP and WGBR-T18. To sum up, there were obvious variations in metabolic compositions of rice, brown rice, WGBR, and WGBR-HTP. The changes of specific metabolites, such as flavonoids contributed to the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects of GBR. HTP may further improve the nutrition and storage of GBR through influencing specific metabolites, such as flavonoids and fatty acids.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) harvesting method is critical since it significantly determines the seed yield, oil quality, and industrial efficiency. This study investigated the influences of harvesting methods on the quality of cold-pressed rapeseed oil of two varieties. Oil color, peroxide value (POV), tocopherol content, fatty acid composition, and polarity of total polyphenols (PTP) contents of two rapeseed varieties in Huanggang and Xiangyang were compared through artificially simulated combined harvesting and two-stage harvesting. Results showed significant differences in the quality of rapeseed oil between the two harvesting methods. The red value (R-value), POV, total tocopherol contents, linoleic and linolenic acid content, and PTP content of the pressed rapeseed oil prepared by the combined harvesting method were about 27.6, 5.7, 15.8, 2.0, 0.5, and 28.6% lower than those of the oil produced from the two-stage harvesting method, respectively. Xiangyang and Huayouza62 performed better in the two regions and two varieties, respectively. To sum up, the rapeseed oil obtained 41–44 days after final flowering of combined harvesting, 35 days after final flowering, and six days of post-ripening of the two-stage harvesting had the best quality.
Mangoes often suffer from low temperature-induced chilling injury (CI) during postharvest cold storage. Therefore, advanced techniques are crucial and in high demand to solve the chilling stress of mango fruit for a higher value. This study addresses chilling stress modulation by investigating the effects of melatonin treatment on CI, proline metabolism, and related gene expressions of ‘Keitt’ mango during cold storage after dipped in 0 (control), 0.1 (MT1), and 0.2 mmol L–1 (MT2) melatonin solution for 30 min. The results revealed that melatonin treatment in MT1 significantly reduced CI development and increased proline content in mango fruit during cold storage compared to the control. These changes were along with increases in the activity of critical enzymes as well as the expression of encoding genes involved in proline biosynthesis, such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), ornithine D-aminotransferase (OAT), P5CS2, P5CR2, and OAT3. Additionally, proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and the expression of the PDH3 gene associated with proline dehydrogenation were lower in MT1-treated mangoes than the controlled group. Thus, melatonin treatment has regulated proline metabolism resulting in the accumulation of proline, subsequently contributing to enhancing the chilling tolerance of ‘Keitt’ mango fruit.
Hyperlipidemia is a frequent metabolic disorder that is closely associated with diet. It is believed that brown rice, containing the outer bran layer and germ, is beneficial for the remission of hyperlipidemia. This study established a rat model of hyperlipidemia by feeding a high-fat diet. The hypolipidemic potential of germinated brown rice (Gbrown) and germinated black rice (a germinated black-pigmented brown rice, Gblack) were explored in the model rats, mainly in the aspects of blood lipids, lipases, apolipoproteins, and inflammation. The gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic rats receiving diverse dietary interventions was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the intervention of Gbrown/Gblack alleviated the hyperlipidemia in rats, evidenced by decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and apolipoprotein B, and increased HDL-C, HL, LPL, LCAT, and apolipoprotein A1. Gbrown/Gblack also weakened the inflammation in hyperlipidemia rats, evidenced by decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and ET-1. In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the diet of Gbrown/Gblack elevated the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia rats. At the phylum level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Firmicutes, increased Bacteroidetes, and decreased the F/B ratio in hyperlipidemia rats. At the genus level, Gbrown/Gblack decreased Streptococcus and increased Ruminococcus and Allobaculum in hyperlipidemia rats. Some differential microbial genera relating to lipid metabolism were also determined, such as the Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the Gblack group, and the Phascolarctobacterium, Dorea, Turicibacter, and Escherichia-Shigella in the Gbrown group. Notably, the beneficial effect of Gblack was stronger than Gbrown. To sum up, the dietary interventions of Gbrown/Gblack contributed to the remission of hyperlipidemia by alleviating the dysbiosis of gut microbiota.
Theabrownins (TBs) are the characteristic functional and quality components of dark teas such as Pu’er tea and Chin-brick tea. TBs are a class of water-soluble brown polymers with multi-molecular weight distribution produced by the oxidative polymerisation of tea polyphenols during the fermentation process of dark tea, both enzymatically and non-enzymatically. TBs have been extracted and purified from dark tea all the time, but the obtained TBs contain heterogeneous components such as polysaccharides and caffeine in the bound state, which are difficult to remove. The isolation and purification process was tedious and required the use of organic solvents, which made it difficult to industrialise TBs. In this study, epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin gallate (ECG), EGC/EGCG (mass ratio 1:1), EGCG/ECG (mass ratio 1:1), EGC/ECG (mass ratio 1:1) and EGC/EGCG/ECG (mass ratio 1:1:1) as substrates and catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in turn to produce TBs, named TBs-dE-1, TBs-dE-2, TBs-dE-3, TBs-dE-4, TBs-dE-5, TBs-dE-6 and TBs-dE-7. The physicochemical properties and the antibacterial activity and mechanism of TBs-dE-1–7 were investigated. Sensory and colour difference measurements showed that all seven tea browning samples showed varying degrees of brownish hue. Zeta potential in aqueous solutions at pH 3.0–9.0 indicated that TBs-dE-1–7 was negatively charged and the potential increased with increasing pH. The characteristic absorption peaks of TBs-dE-1–7 were observed at 208 and 274 nm by UV-visible (UV-vis) scanning spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicated that they were phenolic compounds. TBs-dE-1–7 showed significant inhibition of Escherichia coli DH5α (E. coli DH5α). TBs-dE-3 showed the strongest inhibitory effect with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.25 mg mL–1 and MBC of 10 mg mL–1, followed by TBs-dE-5 and TBs-dE-6. These three TBs-dEs were selected to further investigate their inhibition mechanism. The TBs-dE was found to damage the extracellular membrane of E. coli DH5α, causing leakage of contents, and increase intracellular reactive oxygen content, resulting in abnormal cell metabolism due to oxidative stress. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for the industrial preparation and product development of TBs.
Quantification of the adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil in virgin coconut oil using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging
The adulteration concentration of palm kernel oil (PKO) in virgin coconut oil (VCO) was quantified using near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging. Nowadays, some VCO is adulterated with lower-priced PKO to reduce production costs, which diminishes the quality of the VCO. This study used NIR hyperspectral imaging in the wavelength region 900–1,650 nm to create a quantitative model for the detection of PKO contaminants (0–100%) in VCO and to develop predictive mapping. The prediction equation for the adulteration of VCO with PKO was constructed using the partial least squares regression method. The best predictive model was pre-processed using the standard normal variate method, and the coefficient of determination of prediction was 0.991, the root mean square error of prediction was 2.93%, and the residual prediction deviation was 10.37. The results showed that this model could be applied for quantifying the adulteration concentration of PKO in VCO. The prediction adulteration concentration mapping of VCO with PKO was created from a calibration model that showed the color level according to the adulteration concentration in the range of 0–100%. NIR hyperspectral imaging could be clearly used to quantify the adulteration of VCO with a color level map that provides a quick, accurate, and non-destructive detection method.
The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine
The impact of cyclodextrins (CDs) on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown. This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics, copigmentation and phenolic profiles. The grey relational analysis (GRA) and principal component analysis (PCA) methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality. The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19–25.40%, a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity. Furthermore, the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging, but for long-term aging, 2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability. This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.
During storage at 20°C, specific pear cultivars may exhibit a greasy texture and decline in quality due to fruit senescence. Among these varieties, ‘Yuluxiang’ is particularly susceptible to peel greasiness, resulting in significant economic losses. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a preservative that can effectively inhibit the development of greasiness. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1- MCP) in extending the storage period of fruits. We hypothesize that it may also influence the occurrence of postharvest peel greasiness in the ‘Yuluxiang’ pears. In this study, we treated ‘Yuluxiang’ pears with 1-MCP. We stored them at 20°C while analyzing the composition and morphology of the surface waxes, recording enzyme activities related to wax synthesis, and measuring indicators associated with fruit storage quality and physiological characteristics. The results demonstrate that prolonged storage at 20°C leads to a rapid increase in skin greasiness, consistent with the observed elevations in L*, greasiness score, and the content of total wax and greasy wax components. Moreover, there were indications that cuticular waxes underwent melting, resulting in the formation of an amorphous structure. In comparison to controls, the application of 1-MCP significantly inhibited increments in L* values as well as grease scores while also reducing accumulation rates for oily waxes throughout most stages over its shelf period, additionally delaying transitions from flaky-wax structures towards their amorphous counterparts. During the initial 7 d of storage, several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of greasy wax components, including lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipase D (PLD), and β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), exhibited an increase followed by a subsequent decline. The activity of LOX during early shelf life (0–7 d) and the KCS activity during middle to late shelf life (14–21 d) were significantly suppressed by 1-MCP. Additionally, 1-MCP effectively maintained firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acid (TA) contents, peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities while inhibiting vitamin C degradation and weight loss. Furthermore, it restrained polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, ethylene production, and respiration rate increase. These findings demonstrate that 1-MCP not only delays the onset of peel greasiness but also preserves the overall storage quality of ‘Yuluxiang’ pear at a temperature of 20°C. This study presents a novel approach for developing new preservatives to inhibit pear fruit peel greasiness and provides a theoretical foundation for further research on pear fruit preservation.
Winter jujube (Ziziphus jujuba ‘Dongzao’) is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality, but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market. Here, we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). As a result, 16 elements (Mg, K, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ba, Be, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Ce, Er, Tl, and Pb) exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas. Supervised linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA). LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64% in the testing set, respectively. By using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and C5.0, the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%, respectively. Based on the above four chemometric methods, Cd, Tl, Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube. Overall, this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics, and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.
Changes in milk fat globule membrane proteins along lactation stage of Laoshan dairy goat
The milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex structure with numerous functions, and its composition is affected by many factors. There have been few systematic investigations on goat MFGM proteome profiling during lactation. Individual milk samples from 15 healthy dairy goats were obtained at six lactation time points for investigation of the MFGM proteome using both data-independent acquisition (DIA) and data-dependent acquisition (DDA) proteomics techniques combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Using the DIA method, 890 variably abundant MFGM proteins were discovered throughout the lactation cycle. From 1 to 240 d, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1, lipoprotein lipase, perilipin-2, and adipose triglyceride lipase were upregulated, while APOE, complement C3, clusterin, and IgG were downregulated. Furthermore, from 1 to 90 d, annexin A1, annexin A2, and antithrombin-III were downregulated, then upregulated by d 240. Albumin had a high degree of connectedness, indicating that it was a key protein, according to protein–protein interaction research. Overall, our findings gave new insights into the biological features of MFGM protein in goat milk throughout lactation, which may aid in the creation of specialized MFGM products and infant formula.
This study develops low-fat microwaved peanut snacks (LMPS) using partially defatted peanuts (PDP) with different defatting ratios, catering to people’s pursuit of healthy, low-fat cuisine. The effects of defatting treatment on the structural characteristics, texture, color, and nutrient composition of LMPS were comprehensively explored. The structural characteristics of LMPS were characterized using X-ray micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results demonstrated that the porosity, pore number, pore volume, brightness, brittleness, protein content, and total sugar content of LMPS all significantly increased (P<0.05) with the increase in the defatting ratio. At the micro level, porous structure, cell wall rupture, and loss of intracellular material could be observed in LMPS after defatting treatments. LMPS made from PDP with a defatting ratio of 64.44% had the highest internal pore structural parameters (porosity 59%, pore number 85.3×105, pore volume 68.23 mm3), the brightest color (L* 78.39±0.39), the best brittleness (3.64±0.21) mm–1), and the best nutrition (high protein content, (34.02±0.38)%; high total sugar content, (17.45±0.59)%; low-fat content, (27.58±0.85)%). The study provides a theoretical basis for the quality improvement of LMPS.