Polypropylene crisper and 1-MCP delay the softening, lignification and transcription levels of related enzyme genes of golden needle mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes)
WANG Wen-jun1*, LI Yao1*, LI Fu-hua1, ZENG Kai-fang1, 2, MING Jian1, 2
1 College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R.China 2 Research Center of Food Storage & Logistics, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P.R.China
AbstractThe fresh postharvest golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) sporocarp has a high moisture content and crisp texture, but it still has high physiological activity and respiration, leading to senescence and quality deterioration. Treatments with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and polypropylene (PP) crispers were used to study the changes of lignification and softening of F.velutipes during storage. The main findings were as follows: the crisper packaging could effectively prolong the storage time of F.velutipes; either the 1-MCP treatment, crisper packaging or the combination of the two treatments could significantly inhibit the accumulation of lignin and the decreases in the contents of cellulose and pectin, and had certain inhibitory effects on the activities of enzymes involved in lignification and softening including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), cellulase (Cx), pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonase (PG). Among them, the inhibitory effect of the crisper packaging was higher than the 1-MCP treatment, while the combination of the two treatments was the best. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the crisper packaging in combination with the 1-MCP treatment could effectively maintain the integrity and stability of the F. velutipes cellular structure and inhibit the emergence of plasmolysis to prevent cell membrane rupture. The transcription levels showed that the crisper packaging and the combination of the 1-MCP treatment and crisper packing could effectively affect the expression of genes for enzymes related to lignification and softening of F. velutipes. In conclusion, 1-MCP and PP crispers could delay the lignification and softening of F.velutipes during storage.
Received: 08 September 2020
Accepted: 10 June 2021
CLC Number:
Fund: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31471576), and the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, China (cstc2015shmszx80019).
About author: WANG Wen-jun, Tel: +86-23-68251298, E-mail: wangwenjun_w@outlook.com; Correspondence MING Jian, Tel: +86-23-68251298, E-mail: mingjian1972@163.com
* These authors contributed equally to this study.
WANG Wen-jun, LI Yao, LI Fu-hua, ZENG Kai-fang, MING Jian.
2022.
Polypropylene crisper and 1-MCP delay the softening, lignification and transcription levels of related enzyme genes of golden needle mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(1): 249-260.
Ben-Arie R, Saks Y, Sonego L, Frank A. 1996. Cell wall metabolism in gibberellin-treated persimmon fruits. Plant Growth Regulation, 19, 25–33.
Cooper R M, Wood R K S. 1975. Regulation of synthesis of cell wall degrading enzymes by Veticillium albo-atrum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Physiological Plant Pathology, 5, 135–156.
Costa F, Peace C P, Stella S, Serra S, Musacchi S, Bazzani M, Sansavini S, Van de Weg W E. 2010. QTL dynamics for fruit firmness and softening around an ethylene-dependent polygalacturonase gene in apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 61, 3029–3039.
Dahodwala S, Humphrey A, Weibel M. 1974. Pectic enzymes: Individual and concerted kinetic behavior of pectinesterase and pectinase. Journal of Food Science, 39, 920–926.
Elhassan S Y M, Abu-Goukh A B A. 2016. Role of cellulase enzyme in fruit softening during muskmelon fruit ripening. American Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 7, 98–105.
Fornalé S, Shi X, Chai C, Encina A, Irar S, Capellades M, Fuguet E, Torres J L, Rovira P, Puigdomènech P, Rigau J, Grotewold E, Gray J, Caparrós-Ruiz D. 2010. ZmMYB31 directly represses maize lignin genes and redirects the phenylpropanoid metabolic flux. The Plant Journal, 64, 633–644.
Goffner D, Joffroy I, Grima-Pettenati J, Halpin C, Knight M E, Schuch W T, Boudet A M. 1992. Purification and characterization of isoforms of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Eucalyptus xylem. Planta, 188, 48–53.
Johnston J W, Hewett E W, Hertog M L. 2002. Postharvest softening of apple (Malus domestica) fruit: A review. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 30, 145–160.
Li D, Qin X, Tian P, Wang J. 2016. Toughening and its association with the postharvest quality of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) stored at low temperature. Food Chemistry, 196, 1092–1100.
Luo Z, Xu X, Yan B. 2008. Use of 1-methylcyclopropene for alleviating chilling injury and lignification of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis) during cold storage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88, 151–157.
Luo Z S. 2006. Extending shelf-life of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit by hot air treatment. European Food Research and Technology, 222, 149–154.
Nasar-Abbas S M, Plummer J A, Siddique K H M, White P, Harris D, Dods K. 2008. Cooking quality of faba bean after storage at high temperature and the role of lignins and other phenolics in bean hardening. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41, 1260–1267.
Schoch G, Goepfert S, Morant M, Hehn A, Meyer D, Ullmann P, Werck-Reichhart D. 2001. CYP98A3 from Arabidopsis thaliana is a 3´-hydroxylase of phenolic esters, a missing link in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276, 36566–36574.
Strand L L, Rechtoris C, Mussell H. 1976. Polygalacturonases release cell-wall-bound proteins. Plant Physiology, 58, 722–725.
Trapnell C, Roberts A, Goff L, Pertea G, Kim D, Kelley D R, Pimentel H, Salzberg S L, Rinn J L, Pachter L. 2012. Differential gene and transcript expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with TopHat and Cufflinks. Nature Protocols, 7, 562.
Watkins C B. 2006. The use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on fruits and vegetables. Biotechnology Advances, 24, 389–409.
Wu P, Guo Q, Qin Z. 2016. The fungicide propamocarb increases lignin by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway in Cucumis sativus L. Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology, 57, 511–518.
Xu Q, Wang W, Zeng J, Zhang J, Grierson D, Li X, Yin X, Chen K. 2015. A NAC transcription factor, EJNAC1, affects lignification of loquat fruit by regulating lignin. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 102, 25–31.
Yang W, Pei F, Shi Y, Zhao L, Fang Y, Hu Q. 2012. Purification, characterization and anti-proliferation activity of polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88, 474–480.
Zeng F, Luo Z, Xie J, Feng S. 2015. Gamma radiation control quality and lignification of bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis.) stored at low temperature. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 102, 17–24.
Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liu W, Dong W. 2017. Comparative transcriptome profiling and morphology provide insights into endocarp cleaving of apricot cultivar (Prunus armeniaca L.). BMC Plant Biology, 17, 72.
