Green manure modifies particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon accumulation under contrasting organic amendments in a dryland wheat system

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.025

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Green manure modifies particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon accumulation under contrasting organic amendments in a dryland wheat system

Yunuo Li^1*, Yuhan Jiang^1*, Yiting Chen¹, Conghui Liu¹, Xinyao Zhang¹, Yapeng Jiao¹, Jianglan Shi^{1, 2}, Xiangtian Meng^{1, 2}^#, Xiaohong Tian^{1, 2}^#

¹College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

²Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China

Highlights

· Green manure increased aggregate stability, POC, and MAOC in dryland wheat.

· At similar C inputs, straw retained a stronger plant-derived C signal than manure.

· Manure promoted fungal necromass and MAOC, achieving the highest CSE.

· Straw–manure co-application raised SOC but not MNC or MAOC beyond manure alone

Abstract
References

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摘要

夏季休闲是旱地小麦系统常用的水分管理措施，但长期裸地使新鲜有机质输入受限，不利于土壤肥力恢复。秸秆和粪肥能够补充土壤有机碳和养分，而夏季种植绿肥并于小麦播前翻压还田，可同时提供季节性地表覆盖和原位植物源碳输入。然而，以夏季绿肥替代裸地休闲能否改变有机物料碳输入在土壤中的固存效率，仍缺乏明确认识。本研究依托黄土高原为期6年的田间定位试验，探讨夏季绿肥以及不同有机物料类型和投入水平对土壤有机碳（SOC）固存的影响。试验设置冬小麦–夏季休闲和冬小麦–夏季绿肥两种种植制度，并分别设置不施肥对照、单施化肥、化肥配施秸秆、化肥配施粪肥及秸秆–粪肥配施5种培肥处理。结果表明，与夏季休闲相比，夏季种植并翻压还田绿肥显著提高了土壤团聚体稳定性，使平均重量直径增加59.6%，颗粒态有机碳（POC）和矿物结合态有机碳（MAOC）储量分别增加20.7%和11.7%，同时提高了小麦产量和养分吸收量。在夏季绿肥种植制度下，有机物料类型进一步影响输入碳在不同SOC组分间的分配。秸秆与粪肥处理的有机碳投入量相近，但秸秆处理表现出更强的植物源碳信号；相比之下，粪肥处理积累了更多微生物残体碳，尤其是真菌残体碳，同时具有更高的MAOC储量，并获得最高的碳固存效率（CSE，47.8%）。秸秆–粪肥配施虽然提供了最高的有机碳投入量并获得最高的SOC储量，但其微生物残体碳和MAOC并未进一步高于单施粪肥处理，对产量和养分回收率也未表现出稳定的额外增益。综上，夏季绿肥为SOC固存建立了更有利的土壤环境，而有机物料性质进一步决定了输入碳在不同SOC组分间的分配；随着有机物料投入量增加，碳固存的边际收益逐渐下降。

Abstract

Summer fallow is widely used for water storage in dryland wheat systems, but prolonged bare soil limits biological inputs needed to rebuild soil fertility. Straw and manure replenish soil C and nutrients, whereas green manure grown during summer fallow and incorporated before wheat sowing also provides seasonal soil cover and in situ plant-derived inputs. Whether replacing bare fallow with a green-manure phase alters the efficiency with which additional organic C is retained in soil remains unclear. We evaluated how green manure, amendment type, and input loading shape SOC retention in a six-year field experiment on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Winter wheat–summer fallow and winter wheat–summer green-manure systems were each combined with five fertilization regimes: an unfertilized control, mineral fertilizer alone, and mineral fertilizer supplemented with straw, manure, or both. Green manure increased mean weight diameter by 59.6% and particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) stocks by 20.7% and 11.7%, respectively, while supporting greater wheat productivity and nutrient uptake than summer fallow. Within the green-manure system, straw and manure supplied comparable organic C inputs but differed in C-retention patterns. Straw maintained a stronger plant-derived C signal, whereas manure promoted greater microbial necromass, particularly fungal necromass, and MAOC accumulation, and achieved the highest SOC sequestration efficiency (CSE; 47.8%). Straw–manure co-application supplied the greatest organic C input and produced the highest SOC stock, but did not further increase microbial necromass or MAOC beyond manure alone or provide consistent additional benefits for yield or nutrient recovery. These results show that green manure creates a favorable context for SOC retention, while amendment quality governs C partitioning and increasing input loading results in diminishing marginal returns.

Keywords: green manure dryland wheat system straw–manure co-application soil organic carbon fractions microbial necromass mineral-associated organic carbon

Online: 14 September 2026

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42577152), the project of National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFD1900700), the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi, China (2022ZDLNY02-06 and 2024NC-ZDCYL-02-02), the Construction Project of Experimental Demonstration Station of Weinan Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, China (2025WNXNZX-3), and the Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Research Project, China (2023BSHEDZZ134).

About author: 1 Yunuo Li, E-mail: YunuoLI@nwafu.edu.cn; Yuhan Jiang, E-mail: yuhan_jiang0506@163.com; #Correspondence Xiangtian Meng, E-mail: xtmeng@nwafu.edu.cn; Xiaohong Tian, E-mail: txhong@nwsuaf.edu.cn *These authors contributed equally to this study.

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Cite this article:

Yunuo Li , Yuhan Jiang, Yiting Chen, Conghui Liu, Xinyao Zhang, Yapeng Jiao, Jianglan Shi, Xiangtian Meng, Xiaohong Tian. 2026.

Green manure modifies particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon accumulation under contrasting organic amendments in a dryland wheat system . Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.025

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