Increased planting density combined with one-pass shallow rotary drill sowing optimized seedling quality and population structure, thereby improving grain yield and economic return of rice-stubble wheat

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.023

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Lei Yan, Shijie Yan, Guanghui Shi, Yuting Zhang, Can Zhao, Ke Xu, Hongcheng Zhang, Zhongyang Huo^#, Weiling Wang^#

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Highlights

l Optimum planting density shifted upward from ploughing followed by rotary tillage before sowing (PTS) and rotary tillage before sowing (RTS) to no pre-sowing tillage (NTS) in wet clay soil.

l Higher density compensated for low productive tiller rate of NTS under straw return.

l Moderately high-density NTS achieved the highest net return with lower field costs.

Abstract
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摘要

近年来，可一次完成浅旋与条播的大型复式播种机的研发和应用显著提高了稻茬小麦播种质量。然而，在这一机械化作业背景下，适宜的播前耕作方式及其配套种植密度尚不明确。本研究开展了连续2年的田间试验，所有处理均采用大型复式播种机进行一次性浅旋条播，并设置不同播前耕作方式和种植密度，评价其对播种质量、产量形成和经济效益的影响。结果表明，无播前耕作直接播种（NTS）的露籽率和地表秸秆覆盖率较高，2年平均分别为21.97%和63.02%。与NTS相比，播前翻耕后旋耕（PTS）和播前旋耕（RTS）通过提高播种深度（29.54%–68.40%），并降低露籽率（37.56%–78.88%）和地表秸秆覆盖率（30.58%–38.04%），显著改善了播种质量；PTS与RTS的地表秸秆覆盖率无显著差异。NTS处理幼苗的单株生长优于PTS和RTS，表现为幼苗活力较高、单株分蘖数较多。然而，在低种植密度下，NTS由于成穗率较低，中后期群体数量不足，叶面积指数、干物质积累量和有效穗数均低于PTS和RTS。在高种植密度下，NTS群体数量得到有效补偿，产量显著高于低密度处理；而PTS和RTS在群体过大时产量下降。二次曲线拟合结果表明，PTS、RTS和NTS的适宜种植密度分别为289.0×10⁴、294.8×10⁴和343.8×10⁴株·ha⁻¹。在一次性浅旋条播条件下，3种耕作方式在种植密度优化后均可获得较高产量（>6 500 kg·ha⁻¹）。尽管NTS为达到目标种植密度需要投入更多种子，但由于减少了机械和人工成本，其两季净收益均最高。综上，在大型复式播种机作业条件下，NTS与优化的较高种植密度相结合，是实现稻茬小麦高产高效生产的有效策略。

Abstract

In recent years, the development and application of large-scale integrated seeders capable of one-pass shallow rotary tillage and drill sowing have greatly improved the sowing quality of rice-stubble wheat. However, the appropriate pre-sowing tillage practice and corresponding planting density under this context remain unclear. In this two-year field experiment, we used such integrated seeders to conduct one-pass shallow rotary drill sowing across all treatments, while varying the pre‑sowing tillage methods and planting densities. The responses of sowing quality, yield formation, and economic return were then evaluated. The results showed that direct sowing under no pre-sowing tillage (NTS) resulted in higher seed exposure rate and surface straw coverage, averaging 21.97 and 63.02%, respectively. Compared with NTS, ploughing followed by rotary tillage before sowing (PTS) and rotary tillage before sowing (RTS) significantly improved sowing quality by increasing sowing depth (29.54–68.40%) and reducing seed exposure rate (37.56–78.88%) and surface straw coverage (30.58–38.04%), with no significant difference between PTS and RTS in the latter. Seedlings under NTS showed better individual growth than those under PTS and RTS, with higher seedling vigor and more tillers per plant. However, NTS had an insufficient population at the mid-to-late growth stages compared with PTS and RTS under low planting density, as reflected by lower leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and productive spike number, which was associated with its lower productive tiller rate. At high planting density, the population size of NTS was effectively compensated, resulting in significantly higher yield than that at low density, whereas excessive population size under PTS and RTS led to yield reduction. Quadratic fitting showed that the fitted optimum planting densities for PTS, RTS, and NTS were 289.0×10⁴, 294.8×10⁴, and 343.8×10⁴ plants ha^-1, respectively. Under one-pass shallow rotary drill sowing, all three tillage practices could achieve high yield levels (>6,500 kg ha^-1) when planting density was optimized. Although NTS required greater seed input to attain the target planting density, its reduced machinery and labor costs resulted in the highest net return in both seasons. Collectively, NTS combined with one-pass shallow rotary drill sowing under optimized high planting density constitutes a high-yield and high-efficiency strategy for wheat production in rice-stubble fields using large-scale integrated seeders.

Keywords: rice-stubble wheat full straw return tillage–sowing treatment planting density spike-number compensation economic return

Online: 14 September 2026

Fund:

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. The research was supported by the Jiangsu Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation Special Fund, China (BE20224242), the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program, China (BE2020319), the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund, China [CX (24)2008], and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32301937).

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Lei Yan, Shijie Yan, Guanghui Shi, Yuting Zhang, Can Zhao, Ke Xu, Hongcheng Zhang, Zhongyang Huo, Weiling Wang. 2026.

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