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National-scale nitrogen input thresholds and nitrogen use efficiency in global croplands with livestock manure recycling

Li Zheng1, 2, Wim de Vries3, Gerard H. Ros3Ji Liu2, Xuekai Jing4, Yulong Shi1, Yu Liu1, Qingwen Zhang1#

1 Agricultural Clear Watershed Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

2 State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China 

3 Earth Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700AA, the Netherlands

4 Xi'an Geological Survey Center/Northwest Center of Geological Technology Innovation, China Geological Survey, Xi'an 710119, China

 Highlights 

Nitrogen surplus varied substantially across countries, ranging from -31 to 441 kg N ha-1 yr-1.

National-scale N thresholds varied widely among countries, ranging from 50 to 200 kg ha-1 yr-1.

High-input, low-NUE countries were characterized by N thresholds of 165-200 kg N ha-1 and manure shares of 27-33%.

Low-input, high-NUE countries were characterized by N thresholds of 80-100 kg N ha-1 and manure shares of 23-28%.

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摘要  

氮(N)管理是协调养殖-种植系统作物生产力与环境可持续性的关键。然而,在全球尺度上,氮投入、氮利用效率(NUE)及氮盈余的显著空间异质性尚未得到充分量化。本研究构建了1961−2020年全球183个国家的国家尺度氮收支,并系统分析了氮投入、作物氮吸收、氮利用效率及氮盈余之间的长期变化关系。结果表明,1961−2020年间,全球耕地氮投入量显著增加,并伴随着作物氮吸收量持续提高、氮利用效率先下降后恢复以及氮盈余不断增加。2020年,全球耕地氮投入以化肥氮为主,不同地区的氮盈余表现出显著的空间异质性,范围为-31−441 kg N ha-1。亚洲、欧洲和南美洲的许多地区同时呈现较低的氮肥利用效率和较高的氮盈余水平。进一步分析发现,77个国家的施氮量与作物氮吸收量之间呈倒U型响应关系,其中44个国家存在明确的拐点,且对应的施氮阈值存在显著差异。在高氮投入国家,将总氮投入优化至165−200 kg N ha-1可显著提高氮肥利用效率;而在低氮投入国家,80−100 kg N ha-1的氮投入水平有利于提高氮素利用效率。因此,通过优化粪肥施用方式并合理调控总氮投入量,可有效提升氮肥利用效率,为实现农业生产的高效化与可持续发展提供重要途径。



Abstract  

Nitrogen (N) management is crucial for balancing crop productivity and environmental sustainability in crop-livestock systems. However, significant spatial variations in nitrogen inputs, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and nitrogen surplus remain inadequately quantified at the global scale. In this study, we developed national nitrogen budgets for 183 countries from 1961 to 2020 and analyzed long-term relationships among nitrogen inputs, crop N uptake, NUE, and N surplus. Globally, cropland N inputs increased substantially from 1961 to 2020, accompanied by increased crop N uptake, an initial decline followed by a recovery in NUE, and rising N surplus. Our findings reveal that, in 2020, global croplands were predominantly fertilized with synthetic fertilizers, resulting in highly heterogeneous N surpluses (-31 to 441 kg N ha-1). Many regions, particularly in Asia, Europe, and South America, exhibited low NUE alongside high N surplus. Inverted U-shaped response curves between fertilization N rate and crop N uptake were observed in 77 countries, with inflection points identified in 44 countries at varying N thresholds. Optimizing total N input to 165-200 kg N ha-1 could significantly improve NUE in high-input countries, while 80-100 kg N ha-1 of N input enhances efficiency in low-input countries. Strategic adjustment of manure use and total N inputs provides a pathway to higher NUE and greater agricultural sustainability.

Keywords:  crop-livestock system              nitrogen management              livestock manure              fertilization optimization  
Online: 11 September 2026  
Fund: 

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1900401) and the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP-IEDA-T07).

About author:  Li Zheng, E-mail: zhengliswu@163.com; #Correspondence Qingwen Zhang, E-mail: zhangqingwen@caas.cn

Cite this article: 

Li Zheng, Wim de Vries, Gerard H. Ros, Ji Liu, Xuekai Jing, Yulong Shi, Yu Liu, Qingwen Zhang. 2026.

National-scale nitrogen input thresholds and nitrogen use efficiency in global croplands with livestock manure recycling . Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.018

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