Please wait a minute...
Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Advanced Online Publication | Current Issue | Archive | Adv Search
Oat as a strategic forage crop in global plateau ecosystems: Adaptive mechanisms, multifunctional values, and sustainable development pathways

Guizhen Li1, Yuxin Xiang1, Han Liu1,Yuxing Qin1, Lin Wang1, Gen Ma1, Hang Yuan1, Yu Fan1, Yan Wan1, Qiyin Xiao2, Laichun Guo3,Changzhong Ren3, Dabing Xiang1#

1 Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China

2 Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Agricultural Science Research Institute, Kangding 626000, China

3 Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baicheng 137099, China

 Highlights 

Positioning oats as a strategic highland crop to address forage scarcity, ecological degradation, and economic development challenges.

Revealing oats’ genomic plasticity and physiological regulation under highland extremes, with key roles in soil health, water retention, and livestock productivity.

Lack of adapted varieties, multi-factor stress, inadequate tech transfer, and incomplete industrial chain are key bottlenecks for the highland oat industry.

Proposes a highland oat strategy: precision breeding, smart management, green supply chain, and emphasis on international collaboration and policy support.

Download:  PDF in ScienceDirect  
Export:  BibTeX | EndNote (RIS)      
摘要  

全球高原地区在维系生态平衡、保障区域粮食安全和生物多样性方面发挥着不可替代的作用,但其脆弱的生态系统和严酷的气候条件对饲草生产构成了严峻挑战。燕麦(Avena sativa L.)以其卓越的生态适应性、多功能生态服务价值、优质的饲用营养特性以及显著的经济潜力,正逐渐成为破解高原地区饲草短缺、生态退化与经济发展矛盾的关键。本综述系统阐释了燕麦在高原极端环境下(低温、干旱、强紫外线、贫瘠土壤)的独特适应机制,包括其基因组可塑性、生理代谢调节及生态位优化策略。重点剖析了燕麦在提升土壤健康、增强水土保持、优化农田生态系统功能、驱动畜牧业增效以及促进产业链价值提升等方面的综合优势。同时,本综述深入探讨了当前高原燕麦产业发展面临的瓶颈,如品种改良滞后与种质资源创新不足、多维度胁迫因子的协同影响、以及知识转化与技术推广的鸿沟。最后,我们提出了面向未来的“精准育种-智慧管理-绿色产业链”三位一体的创新发展战略,强调国际协作、跨学科融合及政策支持的重要性。通过将燕麦打造为高原地区的战略性作物,有望为全球高原生态脆弱区实现农业绿色转型、提升生态系统韧性、保障粮食安全及促进乡村可持续发展提供可复制、可推广的综合解决方案。



Abstract  

The global plateau regions play an irreplaceable role in maintaining ecological balance, ensuring regional food security, and preserving biodiversity. However, their fragile ecosystems and harsh climatic conditions pose severe challenges to forage production. Oat (Avena sativa L.), with its exceptional ecological adaptability, multifunctional ecological service value, high-quality nutritional characteristics for livestock, and significant economic potential, is gradually emerging as a key solution to the contradictions of forage shortage, ecological degradation, and economic development in plateau regions. This review systematically elucidates the unique adaptation mechanisms of oats in extreme plateau environments (low temperatures, drought, intense ultraviolet radiation, and poor soil), including genomic plasticity, physiological metabolic regulation, and niche optimization strategies. It focuses on the comprehensive benefits of oats in enhancing soil health, improving soil and water conservation, optimizing agricultural ecosystem functions, boosting livestock productivity, and promoting value enhancement along the industrial chain. This review delves into the bottlenecks currently faced by the plateau oat industry, including lagging variety improvement and insufficient innovation in germplasm resources, the synergistic effects of multidimensional stress factors, and gaps in knowledge transfer and technology promotion. Finally, we propose a forward-looking “precision breeding-smart management-green industrial chain” integrated innovation development strategy, emphasizing international collaboration, interdisciplinary integration, and policy support. Positioning oats as a strategic crop in plateau regions will provide replicable, scalable, and comprehensive solutions to achieve agricultural green transformation, enhance ecosystem resilience, ensure food security, and promote sustainable rural development in globally fragile plateau ecosystems.

Keywords:  plateau oats       adaptation mechanism              eological services              challenges              sustainable development  
Online: 11 June 2026  
Fund: 

This work was supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-07-B-1), the Sichuan Province Germplasm Resource Precision Identification Project, China, the Longquanyi District Science and Technology Plan Project in 2025, China (2025LQRD0038), and the Chengdu Science and Technology Project, China (2025-YF09-00041-SN).

About author:  #Correspondence Dabing Xiang, Email: dabing.xiang@163.com

Cite this article: 

Guizhen Li, Yuxin Xiang, Han Liu, Yuxing Qin, Lin Wang, Gen Ma, Hang Yuan, Yu Fan, Yan Wan, Qiyin Xiao, Laichun Guo, Changzhong Ren, Dabing Xiang. 2026. Oat as a strategic forage crop in global plateau ecosystems: Adaptive mechanisms, multifunctional values, and sustainable development pathways. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.06.014

Abate E, Nardini A, Petruzzellis F, Trifilò P. 2021. Too dry to survive: Leaf hydraulic failure in two Salvia species can be predicted on the basis of water content. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 166, 215-224.

Abdrakhmanov M, Kempf M, Karaliute R, Guzowski P, Lauzikas R, Depaermentier M L, Matuzeviciute G M. 2025. The shifting of buffer crop repertoires in pre-industrial north-eastern Europe. Scientific Reports, 15, 3720.

Agati G, Brunetti C, Ferdinando M D, Ferrini F, Pollastri S, Tattini M. 2013. Functional roles of flavonoids in photoprotection: New evidence, lessons from the past. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 72, 35-45.

Al-Bulushi I M, Bani-Uraba M S, Guizani N S, Al-Khusaibi M K, Al-Sadi A M. 2017. Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis of fungal diversity in stored dates. BMC Microbiology, 17, 72.

Anderson J A, Wu Y Q. 2011. Freeze tolerance of forage bermudagrasses. Grass and Forage Science, 66, 449-452.

Ao D, Wang B, Wang Y, Chen Y, Anum R, Feng C, Ji M, Liang C, An S. 2024. Grassland degraded patchiness reduces microbial necromass content but increases contribution to soil organic carbon accumulation. Science of the Total Environment, 951, 175717.

Azimi M, Heshmati G A, Farahpour M, Faramarzi M, Abbaspour K C. 2013. Modeling the impact of rangeland management on forage production of sagebrush species in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Ecological Modelling, 250, 1-14.

Bailey-Elkin W, Carkner M, Entz M H, Beres B. 2022. Intercropping organic field peas with barley, oats, and mustard improves weed control but has variable effects on grain yield and net returns. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 102, 515-528.

Bao G, Zhou Q, Han Z, Yan H, Wang H S. 2010. Effect of applying fertilizers on yield and quality of oats in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 32, 108-112. (in Chinese)

Bhatia D, Joshi S, Das A, Vikal Y, Sahi G K, Neelam K, Singh K. 2017. Introgression of yield component traits in rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) through interspecific hybridization. Crop Science, 57, 1557-1573.

Biswas S, Das R, Jana K, Puste A. 2024. Integrated nutrient management on oat + grasspea intercropping system: An evaluation of system productivity, economics, energetics and carbon footprint. Scientific Reports, 14, 19414.

Butt M S, Tahir-Nadeem M, Khan M K I, Shabir R, Butt M S. 2008. Oat: Unique among the cereals. European Journal of Nutrition, 47, 68-79.

Buxton D R, O'Kiely P. 2003. Preharvest plant factors affecting ensiling. Silage Science and Technology, 42, 199-250.

Calbó J, Pages D, González J A. 2005. Empirical studies of cloud effects on UV radiation: A review. Reviews of Geophysics, 43, RG2002.

Cao G L, Li X Q, Xiang K L, Erst A S, Jabbour F, Ortiz R C, Yang J, Wang W. 2025. Formation of three great Asian plateaus, climate change, and biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 40, 970-982.

Cerdà A, Rodrigo-Comino J, Giménez-Morera A, Keesstra S D. 2017. An economic, perception and biophysical approach to the use of oat straw as mulch in Mediterranean rainfed agriculture land. Ecological Engineering, 108, 162-171.

Chawade A, Lindén P, Bräutigam M, Jonsson R, Jonsson A, Moritz T, Olsson O. 2012. Development of a model system to identify differences in spring and winter oat. PLoS ONE, 7, e29792.

Dambroski H R, Carson M L. 2008. Development and characterization of novel, polymorphic microsatellite markers for oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8, 1395-1398.

Dejun H, Hongtao R, Wen M, Hong L, Lu T, Lifang G, Jian Z. 2018. Comparison of the production performance and nutritional value of 7 gramineous forage grass. Journal of Grassland and Forage Science, 05, 17-23. (in Chinese)

Dey A, Bhatt B P, Gupta J J. 2022. Impact of total mixed ration on performance of heifers and homemade concentrate feeding on milk yield in dairy animals. In: Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies. pp. 37-48.

Dhima K V, Lithourgidis A S, Vasilakoglou I B, Dordas C A. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100, 249-256.

Dhima V K, Vasilakoglou B I, Keco X R, Dima K A, Paschalidis Α K, Gatsis D T. 2013. Forage yield and competition indices of faba bean intercropped with oat. Grass and Forage Science, 69, 376-383.

Dong S, Shang Z, Gao J, Boone R B. 2020. Enhancing sustainability of grassland ecosystems through ecological restoration and grazing management in an era of climate change on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 287, 106684.

Dongdong C, Qi L, Zhe L, Fuquan H, Xin C, Shixiao X, Liang Z. 2020. Variations of forage yield and nutrients with altitude gradients and their influencing factors in alpine meadow of Sanjiangyuan, China. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 20, 2164-2174.

Donhauser J, Frey B. 2018. Alpine soil microbial ecology in a changing world. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 94, fiy099.

Donovan B, Suarez-Trujillo A, Casey T, Aryal U K, Conklin D, Williams L L, Minor R C. 2021. Inclusion of oat and yeast culture in sow gestational and lactational diets alters immune and antimicrobial associated proteins in milk. Animals, 11, 497.

Duan H, Liu L, Wang W, Li S, Shi Z, Liang G, Liu W. 2025. Stay-green trait enhances grain yield, nutritional quality, and seed germination ability in oat (Avena sativa L.) on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Plants, 14, 2500.

Edmisten L K, Jr G, T J, Mueller Paul J, Burns C J. 1998. Winter annual small grain forage potential. II. Quantification of nutritive characteristics of four small grain species at six growth stages. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 29, 881-899.

Enesi R O, Mbanyele V, Shaw L, Holzapfel C, Nybo B, Gorim L Y. 2025. Pea-oats intercropping: Agronomy and the benefits of including oats as a companion crop. Field Crops Research, 326, 109863.

FAO. 2026. Countries by commodity ranking. FAO FAOSTAT. https://www.fao.org/faostat/zh/#rankings/countries_by_commodity

Feng W, Ge J, Rodríguez A R S, Zhao B, Wang X, Peixoto L, Yang Y, Zeng Z, Zang H. 2024. Oat/soybean strip intercropping benefits crop yield and stability in semi-arid regions: A multi-site and multi-year assessment. Field Crops Research, 318, 109560.

Ganvit V C, Surve V H, Sharma S, Ganvit J B. 2018. Forage production potential of oat (Medicago sativa L.)–Lucerne (Avena sativa) intercropping under sole and intercropping systems. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7, 705-707.

Garcia-Gimenez G, Barakate A, Smith P, Stephens J, Khor S F, Doblin M S, Hao P, Bacic A, Fincher G B, Burton R A, Waugh R, Tucker M R, Houston K. 2020. Targeted mutation of barley (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases reveals complex relationships between the storage and cell wall polysaccharide content. The Plant Journal, 104, 1009-1022.

Garduño-Castro Y, Espinoza-Ortega A, González-Esquivel C E, Mateo-Salazar B, Arriaga-Jordán, C M. 2009. Intercropped oats (Avena sativa)-common vetch (Vicia sativa) silage in the dry season for small-scale dairy systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 827-834.

George S K, Dipu M T, Mehra U R, Singh P, Verma A K. 2005. Growth of crossbred bulls affected by level of feed intake. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 22, 81-84.

González-Thuillier I, Pellny T K, Tosi P, Mitchell R A C, Haslam R, Shewry P R. 2021. Accumulation and deposition of triacylglycerols in the starchy endosperm of wheat grain. Journal of Cereal Science, 98, 103167.

Gradziuk P, Gradziuk B, Trocewicz A, Jendrzejewski B. 2020. Potential of straw for energy purposes in Poland-Forecasts based on trend and causal models. Energies , 13, 5054.

Hsam S L, Mohler V, Zeller F J. 2014. The genetics of resistance to powdery mildew in cultivated oats (Avena sativa L.): Current status of major genes. Journal of Applied Genetics, 55, 155-162.

Huang G, Wan R, Zou L, Ke J, Zhou L, Tan S, Chen L. 2024. The Brachypodium distachyon DREB transcription factor BdDREB-39 confers oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Plant Cell Reports, 43, 143.

Huang X, Hou F. 2024. Principle, technique and application of grassland improvement. Journal of Environmental Management, 369, 122264.

Huang Z, Liu Y, Cui Z, Fang Y, He H, Liu B R, Wu G L. 2018. Soil water storage deficit of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grasslands along ages in arid area (China). Field Crops Research, 221, 1-6.

Interrante S M, Sollenberger L E, Blount A R, Coleman S W, White U R, Liu K. 2009. Defoliation management of bahiagrass germplasm affects cover and persistence-related responses. Agronomy Journal, 101, 1381-1387.

Kamal N, Tsardakas R N, Bentzer J, Gundlach H, Haberer G, Juhász A, Sirijovski N. 2022. The mosaic oat genome gives insights into a uniquely healthy cereal crop. Nature, 606, 113-119.

Karthika K S, Kumar K S, Srinivasan R, Chandrakala M, Hegde R. 2024. Characterization and classification of pigeon pea growing soils and their land suitability for hot semiarid deccan plateau, India. Legume Research: An International Journal, 47, 1730-1736.  

Kaur G, Kapoor R, Pal L, Srivastava P, Sharma P. 2024. Deciphering the genetic architecture of β-glucan content in oats (Avena sativa L.) through QTL mapping. Range Management and Agroforestry, 45, 32-40.

Khorasani G R, Jedel P E, Helm J H, Kennelly J J. 1997. Influence of stage of maturity on yield components and chemical composition of cereal grain silages. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 77, 259-267.

Kim M, Steinberg D R, Burdick J A, Mauck R L. 2019. Extracellular vesicles mediate improved functional outcomes in engineered cartilage produced from MSC/chondrocyte cocultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 1569-1578.

Kittelmann S, Janssen P H. 2011. Characterization of rumen ciliate community composition in domestic sheep, deer, and cattle, feeding on varying diets, by means of PCR-DGGE and clone libraries. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 75, 468-81.

Koller T, Brunner S, Herren G, Hurni S, Keller B. 2018. Pyramiding of transgenic Pm3 alleles in wheat results in improved powdery mildew resistance in the field. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 131, 861-871.

Komaroff L A. 2017. Gene editing using CRISPR. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 318, 699.

Kramer C M, Launis K L, Traber M G, Ward D P. 2014. Vitamin E levels in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) expressing ap-hydroxyphenylpyruvate gene from oat (Avena sativa L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 3453-3457.

Kusch S, Schumacher B, Oechsner H, Schäfer W. 2011. Methane yield of oat husks. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2627-2633.

Kushwah M, Meena B L, Choudhary M, Karunakaran V., Kanwat M, Rajawat M V S, Kumar S. 2024. Enhancing yield, mineral composition, and energy fractions through intercropping and nutrient management in oats and berseem. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 23, 508-520.

Lauk R, Lauk E. 2008. Pea-oat intercrops are superior to pea-wheat and pea-barley intercrops. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B- Soil & Plant Science, 58, 139-144.

Li F, Liang X, Liu J, Wang Y, Yang Z, Yu L, Yuan T, Zhou W. 2020. Comprehensive evaluation of production performance and nutritional quality of 21 oat varieties in Northwest of Hebei Province. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 28, 1311-1318.

Li F, Zhang Z J, Wang H, Tao Y. 2024. A performance evaluation of two crops of forage oats per year in the northern Ordos Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 33, 159.

Li J, Zhang H, Yu J, Tian H, Zhou Q, Chen S. 2025. Comprehensive GWAS and omics profiling identify key genetic factors and metabolic pathways for oat’s low-phosphorus tolerance. Plant Stress19, 101191.

Li J Y, Wang Q, He Y , Wang H, Wei, X X. 2025. Effects of oat (Avena sativa L.) biological sand barriers on the chemical stoichiometric characteristics of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in alpine sandy land. Qinghai Science and Technology, 32, 5-14. (in Chinese)

Li R, Zhang Z, Tang W, Huang Y, Nan Z. 2021. Effect of row configuration on yield and radiation use of common vetch-oat strip intercropping on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. European Journal of Agronomy, 128, 126290.

Lin Y, Gnanesh B N, Chong J, Chen G, Beattie A D, Mitchell F J W, McCartney C A. 2014. A major quantitative trait locus conferring adult plant partial resistance to crown rust in oat. BMC Plant Biology, 14, 250.

Liu B, Zhang D, Sun M, Li M, Ma X, Jia S, Mao P. 2021. PSII activity was inhibited at flowering stage with developing black bracts of oat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 5258.

Liu S, Zamanian K, Schleuss P M, Zarebanadkouki M, Kuzyakov Y. 2018. Degradation of Tibetan grasslands: Consequences for carbon and nutrient cycles. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 252, 93-104.

Long R J, Dong S K, Hu Z Z, Shi J J, Dong Q M, Han X T. 2004. Digestibility, nutrient balance and urinary purine derivative excretion in dry yak cows fed oat hay at different levels of intake. Livestock Production Science, 88, 27-32.

Loskutov I G. 2008. On evolutionary pathways of Avena species. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 55, 211-220. 

Lu P, Yang T, Li L, Zhao B, Liu J. 2020. Response of oat morphologies, root exudates, and rhizosphere fungal communities to amendments in a saline-alkaline environment. PLoS ONE15, e0243301.

Luo C Y, Wu C, Lu G X, De K J, Zhang M, Wang J B. 2014. Tensile resistance characteristics of root-soil composite system and influence factor analysis in Sanjiangyuan regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 21, 260-266, 271. (in Chinese)

Luo L, Luo H, Zhu Y, Deng S. 2025. High density of pika burrows decreases soil organic carbon in Zoige plateau grasslands. Catena, 261, 109578.

Lyu L, Gao P, He J, Lu C, Shi J. 2025. Introduction experiment of annual oat forage and screening of microbial fertilizer in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Sustainability, 17, 4444.

Ma A, Liu T, Tian W, Chen H, Wang G, Zhang B. 2025. Physiological and molecular profiling unveils oat (Avena sativa L.) defense mechanisms against powdery mildew. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1580472.

Ma J, Dai H, Liu H, Du W. 2023. Effects of harvest stages and lactic acid bacteria additives on the nutritional quality of silage derived from triticale, rye, and oat on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PeerJ, 11, e15772.

Maqbool S B, Zhong H, Sticklen M B. 2004. Genetic engineering of oat (Avena sativa L.) via the biolistic bombardment of shoot apical meristems. Transgenic Crops World, 5, 63-78.

Marohn C, Troost C, Warth B, Bateki C, Zijlstra M, Anwar F, Williams B, Descheemaeker K, Berger T, Asch F, Dickhoefer U, Birner R, Cadisch G. 2022. Coupled biophysical and decision-making processes in grassland systems in East African savannahs-A modelling framework. Ecological Modelling, 474, 110113.

Moreau S, Toan T L. 2003. Biomass quantification of Andean wetland forages using ERS satellite SAR data for optimizing livestock management. Remote Sensing of Environment, 84, 477-492.

Murphy J P, Hoffman L A. 1992. The origin, history, and production of oat. Oat Science and Technology, 33, 1-28.

Naya Y T, Feng L, Mei H, Lijun X, Wenlong L, Wurencao. 2024. Effects of growth period and variety on whole plant yield andnutritional value of Avena sativa. Pratacultural Science, 41, 1720. (in Chinese)

Ninama S D, Shroff J C, Mehta P V. 2020. Effect of different row ratios on yield and quality of oat (Avena sativa L.) and Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping. International Journal, 8, 2817-2821.

Oliveira J P, Bruni G P, Lima K O, Halal S L M E, Rosa G S, Dias A R G, Zavareze E R. 2017. Cellulose fibers extracted from rice and oat husks and their application in hydrogel. Food Chemistry, 221, 153-160.

Omae H, Nagumo F. 2016. Effects of oat (Avena sativa) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) cover crops on nitrate leaching, soil water, and maize yield in Subtropical Islands in Japan. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8, 44-54.

Otegui E M, Nicolini G M, Ruiz A R, Dodds A P. 1995 Sowing date effects on grain yield components for different maize genotypes. Agronomy Journal, 87, 29-33.

Pan F Z, Deng B G, Zhai, G X, Wu F Y, Qun M. 2007. Genetic diversity of Acid-PAGE monomeric prolamins in cultivated hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from Qinghai–Tibet plateau in China. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54, 1691-1699.

Panah F M, Lashkari S, Hellwing A L F, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M R. 2020. Effects of toasting and decortication of oat on nutrient digestibility in the rumen and small intestine and on amino acid supply in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 1484-1499.  

Paravar A, Piri R, Balouchi H, Ma Y. 2023. Microbial seed coating: An attractive tool for sustainable agriculture. Biotechnology Reports, 37, e00781.

Podolec R, Demarsy E, Ulm R. 2021. Perception and signaling of ultraviolet-B radiation in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 72, 793-822.

Qian X, Zang H, Xu H, Hu Y, Ren C, Guo L, Wang C, Zeng Z. 2018. Relay strip intercropping of oat with maize, sunflower and mung bean in semi-arid regions of Northeast China: Yield advantages and economic benefits. Field Crops Research, 223, 33-40.

Qian X, Zhou J, Luo B, Dai H, Hu Y, Ren C, Zeng Z. 2022. Yield advantage and carbon footprint of oat/sunflower relay strip intercropping depending on nitrogen fertilization. Plant and Soil, 481, 581-594.

Ren C Y, Duan J L, Liang G L, Liu W H, Liu K Q. 2023. Screening and adaptability evaluation of early maturing oats in alpine regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 32, 116-129.

Ren J, Guo X, Tong S, Bao Y, Bao G, Huang X. 2023. Risk posed to vegetation net primary productivity by drought on the Mongolian Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 33, 2175-2192. 

Rinke N, Kautz T, Aulrich K, Böhm H. 2022. The effect of long-and short-stemmed oat in vetch-oat intercropping on weed infestation, agronomic performance, and grain quality in low input systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 140, 126611.

Rizza F, Pagani D, Stanca A M Cattivelli L. 2001. Use of chlorophyll fluorescence to evaluate the cold acclimation and freezing tolerance of winter and spring oats. Plant Breeding, 120, 389-396.

Robertson M J, Holland J F, Bambach R. 2004. Response of canola and Indian mustard to sowing date in the grain belt of north-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 44, 43-52.

Ross S M, King J R, O’Donovan J T, Spaner D. 2004. Forage potential of intercropping berseem clover with barley, oat, or triticale. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1013-1020.

Shao L Z, Liu Z, Wang Y N, Gu L K, Wang X F, An Y F. 2020. In vitro comparison of the nutritional value of timothy grass and oat grass. Today Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 36, 4-7. (in Chinese).

Shelar A, Nile S H, Singh A V, Rothenstein D, Bill J, Xiao J, Patil R. 2023. Recent advances in nano-enabled seed treatment strategies for sustainable agriculture: Challenges, risk assessment, and future perspectives. Nano-Micro Letters, 15, 54.

Shuhua X, Meng Z, Xingfa G, Qiaoyun G, Lijun X, Yingying N, Bo Y. 2025. The Screening of High-yielding Oat Varieties in Alpine and Cold Mountainous Regions. China Dairy Cattle, 6, 59-64. (in Chinese)

Singh P, Verma A K, Sahu D S, Mehra U R. 2008. Utilization of nutrients as influenced by different restriction levels of feed intake under sub-tropical conditions in crossbred calves. Livestock Science, 117, 308-314.

Singh S, Rai K, Agrawal S B, Agrawal M. 2019. Comparative assessment of UV-B priming on vegetative and reproductive stages of oat and barley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B (Biological Sciences), 90, 713-721.

Sojka R E, Lentz R D, Westermann D T. 1998. Water and erosion management with multiple applications of polyacrylamide in furrow irrigation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62, 1672-1680.

Stevens J E, Armstrong W K, Bezar J H, Griffin B W, Hampton G J. 2004. Fodder oats: An overview. Fodder Oats a World Overview.

Sun J, Chen H, Xie H, Li M, Chen Y, Hung Y C, Lin H. 2022. Acidic electrolyzed water treatment retards softening and retains cell wall polysaccharides in pulp of postharvest fresh longans and its possible mechanism. Food Chemistry: X, 13, 100265.

Sun Y, Chen Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Song X, Song Y, He H, Liang X, Liu G. 2025. Analysis of the current status and future invasion trends of alien invasions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the context of climate warming. Ecological Indicators, 181, 114354.

Tao W, Chang L X, Li J Z, Zhi Y Z. 2011. Distribution patterns of nutrients in different positions of 5 oat varieties at different breeding periods. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 20, 70-81.

Tarchen T, Chapagain P B, Pant S R, Jiebu, G D, Chen S F. 2021. Growth characteristics and nutritive value of multiple oat varieties in mountainous Northern Nepal. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 30, 73-82.

Tomar M, Singh P, Srinivasan R, Saini R P, Singh A K, Yadav V K. 2024. Adapting fodder oats to climate change: Enhancing growth, yield, and microbial dynamics under elevated CO2 and temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 228, 106022.

Tomić D, Stevović V, Đurović D, Marjanović M, Pavlović N, Madić M, Lazarević Đ. 2025. The cultivation possibility of tall oat grass and red clover mixture on acidic soil in order to develop a sustainable management system. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 53, 14312-14312. (in English)

Tong Y S, Yu X J, Xu C L, Wang P B, Song J C, Li Z, Li Y. 2021. Effects of sowing date on forage yield and quality of seven oat varieties in tianzhu alpine region. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 29, 1094.

Uusitalo V, Leino M. 2019. Neutralizing global warming impacts of crop production using biochar from side flows and buffer zones: A case study of oat production in the boreal climate zone. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 48-57.

Viana L , Dessureault P L, Marty C, Loubet P, Levasseur A, Boucher J F, Paré M C. 2022. Would transitioning from conventional to organic oat grains production reduce environmental impacts? A LCA case study in North-East Canada. Journal of Cleaner Production, 349, 131344.

Wang X, Wu K, Yue H, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zeng H, Wu H. 2025. Abiotic factors determine richness whereas biotic factors regulate evenness of plant communities in the Zoige Plateau. Ecological Frontiers, 45, 939-949.

Wang Y, Case B, Rossi S, Dawadi B, Liang E, Ellison A M. 2019. Frost controls spring phenology of juvenile Smith fir along elevational gradients on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. International Journal of Biometeorology, 63, 963-972.

Wang Z, Niu K, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Chai J, Ju Z. 2024. Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide improves resistance to leaf spot disease through antioxidant regulation and phenylpropanoid metabolism in oats. Agronomy, 14, 3035.

Wei L, Zhang C, Dong Q, Yang Z, Chu H, Yu Y, Yang X. 2021. Effects of temperature and water potential on seed germination of 13 Poa L. species in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Global Ecology and Conservation, 25, e01442.

Wen G, Ma B L, Shi Y, Liu K, Chen W. 2023. Selection of oat (Avena sativa L.) drought-tolerant genotypes based on multiple yield‐associated traits. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103, 4380-4391.

Wen L, Dong S K, Li Y Y, Pulver C, Li X Y, Shi J J, Wang Y L, Ma Y S, Liu D M. 2013. Variation of botanical composition, forage production and nutrient values along a grassland degradation gradient in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Phyton, 82, 45-54.

Whitehead A, Beck E J, Tosh S, Wolever T M S. 2014. Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100, 1413-21.

Wiche O, Székely B, Kummer N A, Moschner C, Heilmeier H. 2015. Intercropping with white lupin (Lupinus albus L.); a promising tool for phytoremediation and phytomining research. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 17, 4588.

Wiche O, Székely B, Kummer N A, Moschner C, Heilmeier H. 2016. Effects of intercropping of oat (Avena sativa L.) with white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) on the mobility of target elements for phytoremediation and phytomining in soil solution. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18, 900-907.

Wong S C, Shirley N J, Little A, Khoo K H, Schwerdt J, Fincher G B, Mather D E. 2015. Differential expression of the HvCslF6 gene late in grain development may explain quantitative differences in (1, 3; 1, 4)-β-glucan concentration in barley. Molecular Breeding, 35, 20.  

Xiang D J, Man L L, Cao S, Liu P, Li Z G, Wang X D. 2020. Ectopic expression of an oat SnRK2 gene, AsSnRK2D, enhances dehydration and salinity tolerance in tobacco by modulating the expression of stress-related genes. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43, 429-446.  

Xiao X, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Du Z, Bai X, Tian L, Peng X. 2017. Effect of seeding rate on production performance and photosynthetic characteristics of Avena sativa cv.LENA in alpine pastoral regions. Pratacultural Science, 11, 761-771.

Xie X F, Zhou Y M. 2013. Effects of oat silage and whole-plant corn silage on milk yield and milk composition in dairy cows. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 45, 35-37. (in Chinese)

Xie Z L, Zhang T F, Chen X Z, Zhang J G. 2013. A study on the nutrient value of oat and its influences on soil fertility of winter fallow fields. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 22, 47-53.

Xu Y, Cheng J, Hu H, Yan L, Jia J, Wu B. 2024a. Genome-wide identification of NAC family genes in oat and functional characterization of AsNAC109 in abiotic stress tolerance. Plants, 13, 1017.  

Xu Y, Jiang L, Gao J, Zhang W, Zhang M, Liu C, Jia J. 2024b. Molecular regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in oat leaves under drought stress. Plants, 13, 3317.  

Xue Y, Li J N, Bo W, Huiyuan M, Yongli X, Guoying Z. 2026. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens enhances the drought tolerance of oat plants by regulating the expression of plant growth-promoting genes. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 66, 1871-1889. (in Chinese)

Yang M, Zheng S, Li J, Tong S, Zhang M, Cui G, Yin H. 2025. Identification and characterization of the glutamine synthetase gene family in oat (Avena sativa L.) and the role of AsGS2-2C under drought stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1719654.

Yang Z, Yanhan Q, Huilan Y, Dongming C,Bin P. 2026. Evaluation of nutritional value of different forage species in alpine region of Northwestern Sichuan. Feed Research, 49, 148-152. (in Chinese)

Yusova O A, Nikolaev P N, Safonova I V, Aniskov N I. 2020. Changes in oat grain yield and quality with increased adaptability of cultivars. Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding, 181, 42-49.  

Zhang G, Chai J, Zhao G, Zeng L. 2025. Study on the adaptability of 15 oat varieties in different ecological regions. Agronomy, 15, 391. 

Zhang J, Gao W B, Yan L, Zhang Z W, Zhou H T, Wu B. 2023. Identification and evaluation of salt-alkali tolerance and screening of salt-alkali tolerant germplasm of oat (Avena sativa L). 49, 1551-1561.

Zhang M, Jiang Y, Dong H, Shan X, Tian J, Sun M, Yuan Y. 2023. Transcriptomic response for revealing the molecular mechanism of oat flowering under different photoperiods. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1279107.

Zhang X, Tang H, Du H, Bao Z, Shi Q. 2020. Sugar metabolic and N-glycosylated profiles unveil the regulatory mechanism of tomato quality under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 177, 104145.

Zhang X, Yang H, Song J, Yang A, Yang K, Yu X. 2025. Effects of reduced chemical fertilizer use on oat yield and soil nutrients in the Sanjiangyuan Region. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 47, 54-64.

Zhou L, Zhang Z, Cao C. 1983. On The role of Totality soil enzyme activities in the Evoluation of the level of soil fertility. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 4, 413-418. (in Chinese)

Zhou X, Wang M, Yang L, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhao G. 2024. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses of oat (Avena sativa) seedlings under salt stress reveal salt tolerance mechanisms. Plants, 13, 2238.

Zhu G, Liu J, Wu H, Zhu Y, Nimir N E A, Zhou G. 2024. The optimum mixed cropping ratio of oat and alfalfa enhanced plant growth, forage yield, and forage quality in saline soil. Plants, 13, 3103.

Zhu L Y, Yang Q H, Liu Y X, Yuan J, Wang M H, Xiang D B, Zou L, Wang J Z, Yu F. 2026. Correlation analysis between photosynthetic characteristics and agronomic traits of wild and cultivated oats during filling process. Crops, 167-174. (in Chinese)

[1] Qingyuan Ouyang, Cong Lan, Shenqiang Hu, Haizhou Gong, Bincheng Tang, Qingliang Chen, Zhiyu He, Junqi Wang, Tanze Liu, Shangmin Wang, Xi Zhang, Jiwei Hu, Hua He, Liang Li, Hehe Liu, Jiwen Wang. Multiomics integration identifies regulatory factors underlying reproductive disorders in geese[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2936-2949.
[2] Fan Fan, Jin Chen, Lingyue Yan, Wenjie Hu, Xue Liu, Jia Zeng, Ling Liu, Ting Liu, Nenghui Ye, Dingyang Yuan, Meijuan Duan. Filament-like plant protein 7 (FPP7) negatively regulates rice salt tolerance by enhancing abscisic acid sensitivity and disturbing sodium and ROS homeostasis[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2701-2713.
[3] Ziwei Zhang, Haoqiang Zhai, Yingpeng Hua, Sheliang Wang, Fangsen Xu. A genome-wide association study integrated with transcriptome analysis to identify boron efficiency-related candidate genes and favorable haplotypes in Brassica napus L.[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2723-2738.
[4] Tong Zhou, Peidong Guo, Li Gao, Rui Liu, Changjun Liu, Yanping Zhang, Hongyu Cui, Xiaole Qi, Yongzhen Liu, Suyan Wang, Yuntong Chen, Yulu Duan, Xiaomei Wang, Yulong Gao, Kai Li. Marek’s disease virus inhibits the JAK–STAT signaling pathway to evade the innate immune response[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2970-2981.
[5] Jiajie He, Zhibin Xu, Bo Feng, Qiang Zhou, Xiaofeng Liu, Guangsi Ji, Shaodan Guo, Xiaoli Fan, Tao Wang. Genetic dissection and validation of a stable QTL for grain roundness on chromosome 5A in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2714-2722.
[6] Kunqin Xiao, Anmo Li, Xun Xu, Yalan Li, Ling Liu, Songyang Gu, Jeffrey A. Rollins, Rui Wang, Hongyu Pan, Jinliang Liu. A GATA transcription factor contributes to multidrug resistance and pathogenicity through mediating the transcription of hydrolases and xenobiotic detoxification genes in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2890-2902.
[7] Zhilan Wang, Xiaofen Du, Kangni Han, Miao Li, Shichao Lian, Yuxin Li, Yanfang Li, Linyi Zhang, Xingchun Wang, Jun Wang. SiTCD1 encodes a P-type PPR protein that affects early chloroplast development at low temperatures in foxtail millet[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2739-2754.
[8] Yuejun Zhang, Mengting Tao, Ruiling Wang, Zilin Shi, Peipei Li, Sijia Tang, Jian Sun, Xiaoping Liao, Yufeng Zhou. Collateral sensitivity to gamithromycin in ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus suis is driven by increasing intracellular antibiotic accumulation[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2959-2969.
[9] Yuhui Wang, Jie Sun, Shen Gao, Bin He, Zhengyang Wu, Wenjun He, Weike Tao, Xin’ao Tang, Zhi Geng, Weiwei Li, Fei Yang, Zhengrong Jiang, Zhenghui Liu, Yanfeng Ding, Soulaiman Sakr, Ganghua Li. Single-time fertilization with controlled release blended fertilizer optimizes soil nitrogen distribution and root characteristics to increase conventional japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2771-2782.
[10] Hongxing Li, Fei Gao, Lei Wang, Alam Sher, Baizhao Ren, Bin Zhao, Peng Liu, Jiwang Zhang. Increasing soil organic matter and nitrogen use by optimizing summer maize straw return and nitrogen fertilizer rates minimize N2O emissions in a wheat–maize system[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2796-2811.
[11] Zeshan Zhang, Pengzhong Zhang, Yongfan Chen, Xuejiao Wang, Mingfeng Yang, Shuai Sun, Yutong Zhang, Sen Wang, Fen Ji, Chunrong Ji, Dao Xiang, Parhat Mamat, Lizhen Zhang. Comparing simulated and observed cotton transpiration in relation to climatic factors[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2812-2824.
[12] Yingpeng Wang, Yifan Hua, Lanxin Mei, Yixuan Meng, Yongtao Guo, Jian Cai, Mei Huang, Yingxin Zhong, Xiao Wang, Dong Jiang, Qin Zhou. An application strategy of combined controlled-release fertilizers can balance the yield and quality of soft wheat while meeting its nutrient requirements[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2783-2795.
[13] Shaoqing Wang, Meng Wang, Xinhua Wang, Jie Chen. Pathogenic exonic circRNA from Cochliobolus heterostrophus interacts with host miRNA to suppress maize defense[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2878-2889.
[14] Xinwei Li, Zihang Wang, Tianxiao Chen, Shen Lin, Guiai Jiao, Shaoqing Tang, Long Chen, Xiangjin Wei, Peisong Hu. SBEIIb is responsible for the chalk2 phenotype by regulating the formation of resistant starch in indica rice[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2688-2700.
[15] Weiyang Zhang, Wei Cai, Yujiao Zhou, Ying Liu, Wenqian Miao, Kuanyu Zhu, Weilu Wang, Yunji Xu, Yidi Sun, Junfei Gu, Hao Zhang, Zhiqin Wang, Lijun Liu, Jianhua Zhang, Jianchang Yang. Brassinosteroids facilitate controlled soil drying to mitigate heat stress on pistil fertilization in photo-thermosensitive genetic male-sterile rice[J]. >Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2026, 25(7): 2755-2770.
No Suggested Reading articles found!