Comparative effects of novel carbon-based and slow-release fertilizers on wheat yield, soil nutrients, and microbial community structure

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.06.013

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Quan Ma¹, Guangyuan Zhai¹, Wenli Zhou¹, Lianrui Cui¹, Jingfeng Gu¹, Yinsen Qian¹, TaoLiu¹, Min Zhu^1,², Jinfeng Ding^1,², Chunyan Li^1,², Wenshan Guo^1,², Xinkai Zhu^1,^2,^3#

¹Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

²Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

³Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Highlights

Twice-split application of CBF, similar to coated urea, optimizes soil nitrogen supply and wheat yield components.

CBF application improves soil physicochemical properties and enhances nutrients availability.

Alterations in soil bacterial community modify soil enzyme activity and C/N cycling processes.

Abstract
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摘要

常规化学氮肥的过度施用易导致土壤酸化和板结等一系列问题，并限制作物产量的进一步提升。碳基肥（CBF）和缓释肥（SRF）等新型肥料已经被证实可改善土壤肥力并提高小麦产量，但其实际增产潜力和促进土壤性状改良的机理差异尚缺乏系统研究。本研究以两种碳基肥（CBF1，N-P₂O₅-K₂O=24%-12%-8%；CBF2，N-P₂O₅-K₂O =24%-10%-10%）、树脂包膜尿素（PCU，45% N）、硫包膜尿素（SCU，37% N）以及常规尿素（尿素，46% N）为材料，探讨不同新型肥料在调控麦田土壤硝态氮动态、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落结构方面的差异机制以期明确促进小麦增产增效和土壤改良协同的施肥策略。结果表明，CBF1和CBF2施用相比于尿素虽然降低基肥和追肥初期土壤硝态氮的峰值浓度，但协调小麦生育前后期土壤硝态氮供应水平，在越冬至拔节和开花至成熟均维持了更高的土壤硝态氮含量。CBF2相比于CBF1在开花至成熟期的土壤硝态氮含量更高，与PCU表现相似。CBF2合理的氮素供应促进协同产量构成，显著提升每穗粒数和总结实粒数，并且后期充足养分有利于籽粒灌浆，籽粒产量较SCU和Urea分别提升4.08%和6.77%。和尿素相比，碳基肥施用改善土壤pH值下降，提高土壤电导率，并且调节土壤细菌多样性和结构组成，一方面降低硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirota_A）等硝化细菌的相对丰度，抑制土壤硝化反应，调节土壤硝酸盐浓度，进而降低变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes_D）等反硝化细菌的相对丰度，降低N₂O排放风险；另一方面调控拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadota）等参与土壤碳循环菌群的相对丰度，有利于改善土壤养分有效性，提高土壤有机质、有效磷和有效钾等养分水平。总体而言，CBF2和PCU均能优化土壤养分供应，促进小麦产量提升，而CBF2更有利于改善土壤理化性状，提高土壤肥力，长期施用对改善小麦生产潜力和土壤改良具有积极意义。

Abstract

Excessive application of conventional chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizers tends to cause a series of problems such as soil acidification and compaction, and restrict further yield gains. New-type fertilizers such as carbon-based fertilizer (CBF) and slow-release fertilizer (SRF) have been shown to improve soil fertility and increase wheat yield. However, systematic comparisons of their yield-enhancing potential and the mechanisms by which they improve soil properties remain limited. In this study, two CBFs (CBF1, N-P₂O₅-K₂O=24%-12%-8%; CBF2, N-P₂O₅-K₂O=24%-10%-10%), polymer-coated urea (PCU, 45% N), sulfur-coated urea (SCU, 37% N), and conventional urea (urea, 46% N) were used as materials to elucidate mechanistic differences among fertilizer types in the regulation of soil nitrate-N dynamics, soil physicochemical properties, and soil microbial community structure in wheat fields. Our objective was to identify fertilization strategies that simultaneously enhance wheat yield and improve soil quality. The results showed that CBF1 and CBF2 reduced the early peak concentrations of soil nitrate-N following basal and topdressing fertilization relative to Urea, while providing a more balanced nitrate-N supply across early and late wheat growth stages, which maintained higher soil nitrate-N levels than Urea from overwintering to jointing and from anthesis to maturity. Compared with CBF1, CBF2 showed higher soil nitrate-N from anthesis to maturity, which was similar to PCU. With an appropriate N supply, CBF2 facilitated coordinated yield formation, significantly increasing grains per spike and total grain number. Adequate nutrient availability post-anthesis in CBF2 also facilitated grain filling, resulting in 4.08% and 6.77% increases in grain yield compared with SCU and Urea, respectively. Compared with urea, CBFs application effectively mitigated soil pH decline, enhanced soil electrical conductivity, and modulated soil enzyme activities, as well as soil bacterial diversity and community composition. On the one hand, CBFs decreased the relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria (e.g., Nitrospirota_A), thereby suppressing soil nitrification, regulating soil nitrate concentrations, and consequently reducing the relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Firmicutes_D, which decreased the potential risk of N₂O emissions. On the other hand, CBFs application altered the relative abundance of microbial groups involved in soil carbon cycling such as Bacteroidota and Gemmatimonadota, thereby enhancing soil nutrient availability and increasing the contents of soil organic matter, available P, and available K. In general, both CBF2 and PCU optimized soil nutrient supply and increased wheat yield, whereas CBF2 was more favorable for improving soil physicochemical properties and enhancing soil fertility, which is expected to promote the synergistic improvement of wheat production potential and soil quality.

Keywords: carbon-based fertilizer slow-release fertilizer wheat grain yield soil nutrient soil microbial community

Online: 11 June 2026

Fund:

This work was jointly supported by the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu (BK20250911), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32472226), the General Program of Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, China (24KJB210022), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2024M752717).

About author: #Correspondence Xinkai Zhu, E-mail: xkzhu@yzu.edu.cn

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Quan Ma, Guangyuan Zhai, Wenli Zhou, Lianrui Cui, Jingfeng Gu, Yinsen Qian, Tao Liu, Min Zhu, Jinfeng Ding, Chunyan Li, Wenshan Guo, Xinkai Zhu. 2026. Comparative effects of novel carbon-based and slow-release fertilizers on wheat yield, soil nutrients, and microbial community structure. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.06.013

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