Long-term chisel plow tillage improves wheat productivity and soil nutrients of different cropping systems in the Loess Plateau

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.023

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Guorui Li¹, Jinghua Zhang¹, Xiong Wang¹, Qian Zhang¹, Yuqing Meng¹, Yueshan Song¹, Yaru Pang¹, Zhiqiang Lu¹, Weiyan Wang¹, Tong Li^3#, Yuncheng Liao¹^,^2#, Xiaoxia Wen^1#

¹College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

²Collage of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030031, China

³School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Highlights

Conservation tillage increased soil moisture and nutrient contents.

Chisel plow tillage improved wheat yield and soil nutrients in the two cropping systems.

Soybean-wheat promoted wheat early growth and soil nitrogen availability.

Abstract
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摘要

耕作方式和种植系统通过改变土壤环境影响作物生产。黄土高原降雨稀少，土壤养分缺乏，因此需要探究能够提高水分和养分条件并维持作物产量的适宜耕作方式和种植制度。基于2009年在黄土高原地区设立的长期定位试验，本研究探究了不同耕作措施（深松耕，CPT；免耕，ZT；翻耕，PT）和种植系统（大豆-小麦轮作，SW；玉米-小麦轮作，MW）对三个冬小麦生长季（2020-2023）冬小麦生长、产量、土壤水分和养分的影响。与PT相比，保护性耕作措施（CPT和ZT）增加了0-20 cm土壤含水量、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷（AP）、土壤有机碳和全氮含量。在两种保护性耕作措施中，CPT对土壤养分和冬小麦产量产生更积极的影响，与ZT相比，CPT使AP储量和冬小麦产量分别增加了3.3-31.9% 和 1.2-27.6%。SW对保护性耕作措施下土壤氮有效性、AP含量和冬小麦早期生长有积极影响。此外，CPT和SW结合对三个冬小麦生长季的0-1 m土壤AP储量和贮水量产生了积极影响，同时增加了2022-2023生长季冬小麦产量。结构方程模型表明，土壤贮水量和速效养分储量通过影响产量构成因素对冬小麦产量产生积极的调控作用。总体而言，CPT在MW和SW两种种植系统下均对土壤质量和冬小麦生产力产生积极影响，是促进旱作地区可持续农业发展的适宜措施。

Abstract

Tillage practices and cropping systems affect crop production by altering the soil environment. Due to the sparse rainfall and lack of soil nutrients on the Loess Plateau, it is necessary to explore suitable tillage practices and cropping systems that can improve soil moisture and nutrient conditions, thereby maintaining crop yields. Based on a long-term experiment that was initiated in 2009 on the Loess Plateau, we explored the effects of different tillage practices (chisel plow tillage, CPT; zero tillage, ZT; plow tillage, PT) and cropping systems (summer maize (Zea mays L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), MW; summer soybean (Glycine max L.) -winter wheat, SW) on winter wheat growth, yield, soil moisture, and soil nutrients during three winter wheat growing seasons (2020-2023). Conservation tillage practices (CPT and ZT) increased soil moisture, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus (AP), soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen in topsoil (0-20 cm) compared with that under PT. The CPT among the two conservation tillage practices was more pronounced for soil nutrients and wheat production, increasing 0-1 m AP stocks and wheat yields by 3.3-31.9% and 1.2-27.6%, respectively, compared to ZT. SW positively affected soil nitrogen availability and AP content, as well as early winter wheat growth under conservation tillage practices. The combination of CPT and SW positively affected soil AP stocks and water storage across the three growing seasons, while increasing winter wheat yield in 2022-2023. Structural equation modeling indicated that soil water storage and available nutrient stocks positively regulated winter wheat yield by influencing yield components. Overall, CPT positively affected soil quality and wheat productivity under both the MW and SW cropping systems. This is a suitable strategy for promoting sustainable agricultural development in dryland regions.

Keywords: chisel plow tillage cropping system Loess Plateau soil property wheat yield

Online: 17 December 2025

Fund:

This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1901102), the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (2452023081), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172128), and the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province-Innovation Chain of Key Industries (Group) Project, China (2023-ZDLNY-03).

About author: #Correspondence Tong Li, E-mail: LT1842578007@163.com; Yuncheng Liao, E-mail: yunchengliao@163.com; Xiaoxia Wen, Tel: +86-29-87082012, E-mail: wen_xx@nwsuaf.edu.cn

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Guorui Li, Jinghua Zhang, Xiong Wang, Qian Zhang, Yuqing Meng, Yueshan Song, Yaru Pang, Zhiqiang Lu, Weiyan Wang, Tong Li, Yuncheng Liao, Xiaoxia Wen. 2025. Long-term chisel plow tillage improves wheat productivity and soil nutrients of different cropping systems in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.12.023

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