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| Agronomic management practices in dryland wheat result in variations in precipitation use efficiency due to their differential impacts on the steps in the precipitation use process |
| YANG Wen-jia1*, LI Yu-lin2*, LIU Wei-jian1, WANG Shi-wen1, 3, 4, YIN Li-na1, 3, 4, DENG Xi-ping2, 3, 4 |
1 State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R.China
2 College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R.China
3 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100,P.R. China
4 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, P.R.China |
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摘要 在旱地作物生产中，低的降水利用效率（PUE）是导致其作物减产的重要原因之一。一般而言，PUE的高低取决于一个连续的、包含几个阶段的水分转化过程：即降水入渗到土壤中，入渗的降水被土壤储存，储存的降水通过蒸腾或蒸发被消耗，蒸腾消耗的降水被用于生产干物质，干物质重新转运分配至籽粒。这些阶段可以通过六个比率来量化：即降水入渗率（SW/SWe；SW，总有效水量，SWe，特定时期结束时的土壤有效储水量），降水留存率（SWe/P；P，有效降水），降水消耗率（ET/SW；ET，作物耗水量），蒸腾比率（T/ET；T，作物蒸腾量），蒸腾效率（B/T；B，地上部干物质增量）和收获指数（Y/B；Y，经济产量）。基于以上比率，PUE可以通过下述公式进行计算，即PUE=SWe/P×SW/SWe×ET/SW×T/ET×B/T×Y/B。在一个特定的生产体系中，量化这些比率有利于通过优化相应的农艺措施，进而有计划地改善PUE。在本研究中，我们量化并评估了四个农艺措施管理体系下的PUE的各个比率。结果表明，与传统的农民体系和高氮体系相比，施用有机肥或生物炭体系下的PUE和小麦产量显著提高了8–31%。相比于农民和高氮体系：在入渗和储存阶段，有机肥和生物炭体系降低了降水留存率，但提高了降水入渗率；在消耗阶段，由于返青期前耗水量减少而返青期后耗水量增加，施用有机肥和生物炭体系下的全年降水消耗率并未增加，但蒸腾比率显著提高；在最后两个阶段，蒸腾效率和收获指数仅在不同年际间差异较大，受不同处理的影响较小。因此，若想通过优化农艺措施提高旱地小麦PUE和产量，应着重于增加蒸腾比率及降水入渗率，同时保持全年降水消耗率不变以及收获时相对较低的降水留存率。
Abstract Yield loss due to low precipitation use efficiency (PUE) occurs frequently in dryland crop production. PUE is determined by a complicated process of precipitation use in farmland, which includes several sequential steps: precipitation infiltrates into the soil, the infiltrated precipitation is stored in soil, the soil-stored precipitation is consumed through transpiration or evaporation, transpired precipitation is used to produce dry-matter, and finally dry-matter is re-allocated to grains. These steps can be quantified by six ratios: precipitation infiltration ratio (SW/SWe; SW, total available water; SWe, available soil water storage at the end of a specific period), precipitation storage ratio (SWe/P; P, effective precipitation), precipitation consumption ratio (ET/SW; ET, evapotranspiration), ratio of crop transpiration to evapotranspiration (T/ET; T, crop transpiration), transpiration efficiency (B/T; B, the increment of shoot biomass) and harvest index (Y/B; Y, grain yield). The final efficiency is then calculated as: PUE=SWe/P×SW/SWe×ET/SW×T/ET×B/T×Y/B. Quantifying each of those ratios is crucial for the planning and execution of PUE improvements and for optimizing the corresponding agronomic practices in a specific agricultural system. In this study, those ratios were quantified and evaluated under four integrated agronomic management systems. Our study revealed that PUE and wheat yield were significantly increased by 8–31% under manure (MIS) or biochar (BIS) integrated systems compared to either conventional farmers’ (CF) or high N (HN) integrated systems. In the infiltration and storage steps, MIS and BIS resulted in lower SWe/P but higher SW/SWe compared with CF and HN. Regarding the consumption step, the annual ET/SW under MIS and BIS did not increase due to the higher ET after regreening and the lower ET before regreening compared with CF or HN. The T/ET was significantly higher under MIS and BIS than under CF or HN. In the last two steps, transpiration efficiency and harvest index were less strongly affected by the agronomic management system, although both values varied considerably across the different experimental years. Therefore, attempts to achieve higher PUE and yields in rainfed wheat through agronomic management should focus on increasing the T/ET and SW/SWe, while maintaining ET/SW throughout the year and keeping SWe/P relatively low at harvest time.
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Received: 29 July 2021
Accepted: 08 September 2021
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Fund: The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1900705), the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150402), and the National Key
Technology R&D Program of China (2015BAD22B01).
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| About author: Correspondence YIN Li-na, Tel: +86-29-87012871, Fax: +86-29-87012210, E-mail: linayin@nwsuaf.edu.cn
* These authors contributed equally to this study. |
Cite this article:
YANG Wen-jia, LI Yu-lin, LIU Wei-jian, WANG Shi-wen, YIN Li-na, DENG Xi-ping.
2023.
Agronomic management practices in dryland wheat result in variations in precipitation use efficiency due to their differential impacts on the steps in the precipitation use process. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(1): 92-107.
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