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| Socio-Economic and Scientific Impact Created by Whitefly-Transmitted, Plant- Virus Disease Resistant Tomato Varieties in Southern India |
| John Colvin, N Nagaraju, Carlos Moreno-Leguizamon, R M Govindappa, T B Manjunatha Reddy, SA Padmaja, Neena Joshi, Peter M Hanson, Susan E Seal , V Muniyappa |
1.Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
2.University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K. Bangalore 560065, India
3.AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42 Shanhua, Tainan 74199, P.R.China |
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摘要 Research carried out to assess the impact of open-pollinated Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)-resistant tomatoes and hybrids on the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers in Southern India is described and discussed. Three high-yielding ToLCV-resistant tomato varieties were developed initially using conventional breeding and screening techniques involving inoculation by ToLCV-viruliferous whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In 2003 and 2004, respectively, these varieties were released officially by the Karnataka State Seed Committee and the Indian Ministry of Agriculture through notification in the Gazette of India. From 2003 to 2005, eleven seed companies bought breeder seed of the ToLCV-resistant varieties and used them to begin breeding F1 hybrids from them. Socio-economic studies carried out to assess the benefits obtained from growing the ToLCV-resistant varieties found that farmers could gain up to 10 times the profit by growing the ToLCV-resistant varieties compared to the pre-existing ToLCV-susceptible varieties. Adoption of ToLCV-resistant tomatoes was also associated with reduced pesticide use. Extra income from tomato sales was prioritised by farmers to pay for children’s education, better nutrition and medicines. In a joint effort with the commercial seed sector in India, a promotional field day was organised in 2007. As well as the three ToLCV-resistant varieties, 62 ToLCV-resistant hybrid tomatoes were exhibited during a farmer-field day by 17 commercial seed companies and several public institutes. Tomatoes with ToLCV-resistance are now grown widely in South India and seeds of the three open-pollinated varieties have been distributed to more than 12 countries. In 2007, a conservative estimate of the financial-benefit to cost of the research ratio was already more than 837:1.
Abstract Research carried out to assess the impact of open-pollinated Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV)-resistant tomatoes and hybrids on the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers in Southern India is described and discussed. Three high-yielding ToLCV-resistant tomato varieties were developed initially using conventional breeding and screening techniques involving inoculation by ToLCV-viruliferous whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. In 2003 and 2004, respectively, these varieties were released officially by the Karnataka State Seed Committee and the Indian Ministry of Agriculture through notification in the Gazette of India. From 2003 to 2005, eleven seed companies bought breeder seed of the ToLCV-resistant varieties and used them to begin breeding F1 hybrids from them. Socio-economic studies carried out to assess the benefits obtained from growing the ToLCV-resistant varieties found that farmers could gain up to 10 times the profit by growing the ToLCV-resistant varieties compared to the pre-existing ToLCV-susceptible varieties. Adoption of ToLCV-resistant tomatoes was also associated with reduced pesticide use. Extra income from tomato sales was prioritised by farmers to pay for children’s education, better nutrition and medicines. In a joint effort with the commercial seed sector in India, a promotional field day was organised in 2007. As well as the three ToLCV-resistant varieties, 62 ToLCV-resistant hybrid tomatoes were exhibited during a farmer-field day by 17 commercial seed companies and several public institutes. Tomatoes with ToLCV-resistance are now grown widely in South India and seeds of the three open-pollinated varieties have been distributed to more than 12 countries. In 2007, a conservative estimate of the financial-benefit to cost of the research ratio was already more than 837:1.
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Received: 15 April 2011
Accepted:
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| Fund: The research described in this paper was funded by the Department for International Development, UK (DFID project codes R6627, R7460, R8247 (Crop Protection Programme) and Phase III of the International Whitefly Project). |
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Corresponding Authors:
Correspondence John Colvin, Tel: +44-1634-883310, E-mail: j.colvin@greenwich.ac.uk
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| About author: Correspondence John Colvin, Tel: +44-1634-883310, E-mail: j.colvin@greenwich.ac.uk |
Cite this article:
John Colvin, N Nagaraju, Carlos Moreno-Leguizamon, R M Govindappa, T B Manjunatha Reddy, SA Padmaja, Neena Joshi, Peter M Hanson, Susan E Seal , V Muniyappa .
2012.
Socio-Economic and Scientific Impact Created by Whitefly-Transmitted, Plant- Virus Disease Resistant Tomato Varieties in Southern India. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11(2): 337-345.
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| [1]Banks G K, Colvin J, Chowda-Reddy R V, Maruthi M N, Muniyappa V, Venkatesh H M, Padmaja A S, Beitia F J, Seal S E. 2001. Association of the Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) B-biotype with a tomato leaf virus disease epidemic in South India. Plant Disease, 85, 231. [2]De Barro P J, Liu S S, Boykin L M, Dinsdale A B. 2011. Bemisia tabaci: a statement of species status. Annual Review of Entomology, 56, 1-19. [3]Chowda-Reddy R V, Colvin J, Muniyappa V, Seal S. 2005a. Diversity and distribution of begomoviruses infecting tomato in India. Archives of Virology, 150, 845-867. [4]Chowda-Reddy R V, Muniyappa V, Colvin J, Seal S. 2005b. A new begomovirus isolated from cotton in southern India. Plant Pathology, 54, 570. Chowda-Reddy R V, Kirankumar M, Seal S E, [5]Muniyappa V, Valand G B, Govindappa M R, Colvin J. Bemisia tabaci phylogenetic groups in India and the relative transmission efficacy of Tomato leaf curl Bangalore virus by an indigenous and an exotic population. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11, 235-248. [6]Colvin J, Adolph B, Seal S E. 2003. Participatory development and uptake of whitefly-transmitted virus management technologies in subsistence farming systems. Australasian Plant Pathology, 32, 435-439. [7]GenStat Release VSN International Ltd. 2008. Reference Manual, Part 3 Procedure Library PL19. Hemel Hempstead, UK. Holt J, Colvin J, Muniyappa V. 1999. Identifying control strategies for tomato leaf curl virus disease using an epidemiological model. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 625-633. [8]Kumar N K K. 2010. Proceedings on the group meeting on whiteflies and emerging challenges. Pest Management in Horticultural Systems, 16, 187-201. [9]Manjunatha Reddy T B. 2005. Impact assessment of tomato leaf curl virus resistant tomato varieties and distribution pattern of B-biotype of Bemisia tabaci, and tomato leaf curl virus disease in different agroclimatic regions of southern India. Ph D thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Ministry of Agriculture, India. 2004. Notification by the Department of Agriculture and Co-operation. The Gazette of India, May 31, 2004. New Delhi. [10]Muniyappa V, Jalikop S H, Saikia A K, Chennarayappa G, Shivaashankar A, Ishwarabhat, Ramappa H K. 1991. Reaction of Lycopersicon cultivars and wild accessions tomato leaf curl virus. Euphytica, 56, 37-41. [11]Muniyappa V, Maruthi M N, Babitha C R, Colvin J, Briddon R W, Rangaswamy K T. 2003. Characterisation of pumpkin yellow vein mosaic virus from India. Annals of Applied Biology, 142, 323-331. [12]Muniyappa V, Padmaja A S, Venkatesh H M, Sharma A, Chandrasekhar S, Kulkarni R S, Hanson P M, Chen J T, Green S K, Colvin J. 2002. Tomato leaf curl virus resistant lines TLB 111, TLB 130 and TLB 182. HortScience, 37, 603-606. [13]Nagaraju N, Warburton H, Venkatesh H M, Muniyappa V, Chancellor T C B, Colvin J. 2002. Farmers’ perceptions and practices for managing tomato leaf curl virus disease in southern India. International Journal of Pest Management, 8, 333-338. [14]National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 2003. Acknowledgement certificate, Cons/SRV/4371. Ramappa H K, Muniyappa V, Colvin J. 1998. The contribution of tomato and alternative host plants to tomato leaf curl virus inoculum pressure in different areas of South India. Annals of Applied Biology, 133, 187-198. [15]Rekha A R, Maruthi M N, Muniyappa V, Colvin J. 2005. Occurrence three genotypic clusters of B. tabaci and the rapid spread of B-biotype in South India. Entomologia Expermentalis Et Applicata, 117, 221- 233. [16]Saikia A K, Muniyappa V. 1989. Epidemiology and control of tomato leaf curl virus in Southern India. Tropical Agriculture, 66, 350-354. [17]Varma A, Malathi V G. 2003. Emerging geminivirus problems. A serious threat to crop production. Annals of Applied Biology, 142, 145-164. |
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