Table of Content

16 July 2026, Volume 59 Issue 14

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Research Progress on Germplasm Innovation and Comprehensive Utilization of Forage Triticale

MA YaJun, YAN YaJun, YANG WeiDi, YANG TianHui, WANG Chuan, GAO Ting

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  2993-3005.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.001

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Resource scarcity and food security challenges are intensifying, making the development and utilization of suboptimal agricultural areas (marginal lands) a critical strategy for ensuring global food supply. As the first artificially created allopolyploid crop, dwarfed triticale combines wheat’s high yield and quality with rye’s robust stress tolerance, demonstrating unique advantages in marginal land agriculture. This paper systematically reviews research progress on triticale’s genetic evolution, germplasm resources, stress resistance mechanisms, and industrial applications. It focuses on evaluating the strengths and limitations of hexaploid triticale breeding strategies, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for unlocking its potential in ecological restoration, forage security, and functional food development. Employing bibliometric analysis and systematic review methodologies, we comprehensively retrieved and integrated domestic and international triticale-related studies. From the genetic evolution perspective, it traces the historical trajectory and driving factors behind the shift in breeding focus from octoploid to hexaploid triticale. From a resource conservation perspective, it summarizes the global status of germplasm collection and the preservation strategy of “low temperature and humidity + periodic renewal”; from a physiological mechanism perspective, it analyzes signal transduction and molecular regulatory networks under saline-alkali and drought stress; from an industrial application perspective, it evaluates the research achievements in forage rotation, ecological restoration, and processing utilization; and it compares the research progress of traditional phenotypic selection with modern molecular breeding techniques. Current research indicates: (1) Genetic Evolution: Breeding strategies for triticale have achieved a fundamental shift from cytologically unstable octoploids to genetically stable hexaploids (e.g., CIMMYT’s “Armadillo” line). However, narrow genetic backgrounds and the absence of superior traits from wheat’s D genome remain major bottlenecks. (2) Stress Resistance Mechanisms: Triticale exhibits exceptional adaptability to marginal lands. Its salt tolerance relies on root organic acid secretion for Na⁺ chelation and a “root > stem > leaf” ion compartmentalization strategy, while drought resistance is achieved through accumulation of osmotic regulatory compounds and maintenance of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) activity; (3) Industrial Applications: The “silage maize-forage triticale” relay cropping system achieves a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) exceeding 1.35, effectively alleviating seasonal forage shortages. It also holds promising prospects for saline-alkali land remediation and the development of high-dietary-fiber functional foods; (4) Breeding Technology: Research paradigms are transitioning from traditional phenotypic selection to “molecular design + high-throughput phenotyping.” SSR marker-based and GWAS-driven identification of stress-resistant QTLs has become a hotspot. The successful development of triticale confirms that introducing the foreign R genome is an effective approach to push crop stress tolerance beyond conventional limits. Future research should establish an innovative strategy of “learning from wheat to enhance rye”: Leverage hexaploid wheat pangenome information to decipher the genetic basis of complex traits in triticale. Employ chromosome engineering to precisely introduce superior genes from wheat’s D genome-such as those controlling gluten strength and dwarfism-to create “recombinant” germplasm combining stress tolerance with high quality. Simultaneously, establish a dual industrial structure integrating “grain-forage dual-purpose” and “ecological restoration” to fully realize its strategic value within resilient agricultural systems.

Evaluation of Rust Resistance in the Seedling Stage of Wheat Varieties and Disease-Resistant Gene Detection in Shanxi Province, China

MAO JiaQi, WU BangBang, ZHAO JiaJia, HAO YuQiong, ZHENG XingWei, WU JianHui, ZENG QingDong, LIU MinJie, ZHENG Jun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3006-3021.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.002

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【Objective】Stripe rust and leaf rust are major diseases affecting wheat production in the Huang-Huai winter wheat region, accurate identification of resistance in wheat cultivars, understanding the distribution of disease-resistance genes, excavate new disease-resistance genes/loci lays the foundation for the breeding and promotion of disease-resistant varieties.【Method】We phenotyped 326 Shanxi wheat at both seedling against the prevalent Chinese Pst races CYR32 and CYR34, and Pt race PHSH. To identify more Yr/Lr genes, we also conducted molecular detection and GBTS, using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a wheat 16K SNP array.【Result】Shanxi wheat seedlings demonstrate generally good resistance to stripe rust during the seedling stage, 97 cultivars such as Jinmai 919, Yunmai 766 and Linhei 199 showed good resistance to the Pst isolate CYR32 and CYR34 during the seedling stage; 15 (4.60%) cultivars such as Zhonghan 110, Zeyou 2 and Shinong 086 showed resistance to the isolate Pst isolate CYR32;14 (4.29%) cultivars such as Jinnong 207, Jinmai 13 and Linhei 199 showed resistance to the isolate Pst isolate CYR34; wheat seedlings in Shanxi Province exhibit poor resistance to leaf rust during the seedling stage, 12 cultivars showed moderate resistance to the isolate Pt isolate PHSH. Of the 23 Yr/Lr genes assayed, a total of eleven stripe rust resistance genes/QTLs have been detected, including QYrqin.nwafu-2AL (87.42%), Yr78 (27.30%), Yr9 (24.54%), QYrsn.nwafu-3DL (15.95%), Yr75 (13.19%), QYrhm.nwafu-2BC (10.73%), Yr5 (7.98%), Yr80 (2.76%), QYr.nwafu-4BL (2.15%), YrSP (1.84%) and Yr82 (1.84%), as well as seven leaf rust resistance genes, including Lr46 (28.83%), Lr1 (22.09%), Lr68 (16.87%), Lr26 (16.56%), Lr34 (11.96%), Lr13 (5.83%) and Lr37 (1.23%) were identified in wheat varieties from Shanxi province, whereas Yr15, Yr26, Lr10, Lr21 and Lr80 were not detected; for the pyramiding of multiple Yr/Lr genes, the highest proportion was the QYrqin.nwafu-2AL+QYrsn.nwafu-3DL and Lr46+Lr68 combinations. GWAS identified five loci significantly associated with stripe rust resistance, 2B, 5B and 7A may harbor novel loci associated with stripe rust resistance, simultaneously identified fourteen loci significantly associated with resistance to leaf rust disease, 1B, 4A and 5A may harbor novel loci associated with stripe rust resistance.【Conclusion】Shanxi wheat exhibits generally good resistance to stripe rust during the seedling stage, but overall resistance to leaf rust is poor, thirty-eight loci significantly associated with stripe rust/leaf rust resistance were mapped across 13 chromosomes, including 1B, 2B, and 3B. Preliminary analysis suggests that fourteen of these loci, including QYrs-2B, QLrs-2A and QLrs-4A may represent novel rust resistance loci.

Establishment of Digital PCR Method for Quantitative Detection of Genetically Modified Soybean WYN341GmC

SONG KeXin, ZHANG QianNan, ZHANG JinYi, KONG Ying, LIU Jian, LAN QingKuo, WANG Yong, WU Jiang, ZHAO Xin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3022-3037.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.003

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【Objective】To establish a quantitative detection method with high specificity and sensitivity based on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), thereby providing reliable technical support for the precise quantification and safety supervision of genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC.【Method】Using the event-specific junction sequence of genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC as the target, specific primers and probes were designed, and the reaction system parameters, including primer and probe concentrations, were optimized. The performance of the method was evaluated in terms of specificity, sensitivity, linear range, trueness, and precision. During method screening, five criteria were primarily considered: stable dual-channel droplet signals in the two-dimensional amplitude plots, clear separation between positive and negative droplets, minimal rain, a sufficient number of valid droplets, and an observed copy number ratio of WYN341GmC to Lectin close to the theoretical value. During method validation, droplet digital PCR, combined with serial dilution experiments using reference materials, was mainly employed to assess the limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), trueness, and precision of the method.【Result】A duplex ddPCR method for precise quantification was established using the event-specific sequence of WYN341GmC and the soybean endogenous reference gene Lectin as detection targets. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the above screening criteria, the event-specific primer/probe set WYN341LB-QF2/LB-QR1/LB-QP1 and the endogenous reference primer/probe set LectinQF/QR/QP were ultimately selected for subsequent experiments. For the reaction system, the two primer/probe sets were used at the same concentration levels, with a primer concentration of 0.8 μmol·L^-1and a probe concentration of 0.4 μmol·L^-1, and the annealing/extension temperature was optimized to 58 ℃. Under these ddPCR conditions, the transgene and endogenous reference droplets exhibited clear clustering and stable partitioning, and the method showed good precision. Performance validation demonstrated that the LOD of the method was 8 copies and the LOQ was 17 copies, indicating that the method was suitable for reliable quantification. Within the dynamic range of 17 to 2.08×10⁴ copies, the coefficients of determination (R²) of the regression curves were 1.000 for WYN341GmC and 0.999 for Lectin, demonstrating a strong linear relationship between the theoretical and measured template copy numbers and confirming the suitability of the method for quantitative detection within this range. When applied to blind soybean samples, the method enabled accurate quantification of WYN341GmC content, with the bias in value assignment controlled within 25%.【Conclusion】A duplex ddPCR method for the quantification of genetically modified soybean WYN341GmC was established. The detection targets, reaction system, and assay conditions were clearly defined, and the relevant methodological validation was completed. This method can be used on the ddPCR platform for the precise quantification of WYN341GmC event content.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Effects of Sowing Density on Culm Lodging Resistance in the Main Crop and Annual Grain Yield of Precision Hill-Direct-Seeded Ratoon Rice

ZHANG WuJun, DUAN XiuJian, LIANG ZiMeng, DU Bin, TANG YongQun, LI JingYong, YAO Xiong

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3038-3055.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.004

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【Objective】The objective of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of sowing density on stem lodging resistance in main crop and annual grain yield of precision-hill-direct-seeding ratoon rice. The results could provide a scientific basis for ratoon rice production with high yield and lodging resistance to adapt to direct seeding and simplified cultivation.【Method】From 2022 to 2023, a field experiment was conducted using two hybrid indica rice varieties Yuxiangyou8133 (YXY8133) and Taiyouyuehesimiao (TYYHSM) with five sowing densities, namely, D1: 150 000 hills/hm², D2: 195 000 hills/hm², D3: 240 000 hills/hm², D4: 285 000 hills/hm², and D5: 330 000 hills/hm². The study focused on analyzing the relationships of stem mechanical parameters, morphological traits, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and culm and leaf sheath chemical composition with stem lodging resistance in the main crop and grain yield in the main and ratoon crops under the precision-hill-direct-seeding ratoon rice system.【Result】With increased sowing density, rice yield in both main and ratoon crop increased first and then decreased, and annual yield was highest under D3, reaching 14.03 and 13.23 t∙hm^-2 for YXY8133 and TYYHSM, respectively. Compared with the D1 treatment, D2 and D3 treatments slightly increased stem lodging index of main crop by 3.91%-14.69% and 1.48%-5.77% for YXY8133 and TYYHSM, respectively; D4 and D5 treatments markedly increased the lodging index by 31.67%-40.74% and 10.54%-23.27% for YXY8133 and TYYHSM, respectively. The increased sowing density induced significant reduction of breaking moment of basal internodes and thereby, mainly contributed to higher stem lodging index in main crop. Internode length, panicle length, plant height, and gravity center height did not differ significantly among sowing-density treatments, but LAI increased significantly with higher sowing density. The culm and leaf sheath dry weight per plant, panicle dry weight per plant, basal internode culm and leaf sheath plumpness, stem diameter and wall thickness of D3 treatment decreased slightly when compared with D1, thereby maintaining high stem mechanical strength; while D4 and D5 treatments showed larger reduction, and with differences reaching significance for TYYHSM. Further, D4 and D5 treatments significantly decreased the soluble sugar content, starch content, cellulose and lignin content in culm and leaf sheath per plant of main crop at heading stage and thus, resulted in poor stem quality and a higher lodging index in main crop. Correlation analysis showed that culm and leaf sheath dry matter weight per plant, culm wall thickness, soluble sugar content, starch content, cellulose and lignin content were significantly and positively correlated with breaking moment of basal internodes, but significantly and negatively correlated with lodging index.【Conclusion】The appropriate sowing density can effectively balance the trade-off between population size and individual plant growth in main crops under precision hill-direct-seeding ratoon rice, enhance individual plant robustness by maintaining high stem quality, improve the population structure, and consequently, enhance stem lodging resistance and yield performance; D3 treatment was the suitable sowing density to coordinate the lodging resistance in main crop and the high yield of ratoon rice system.

Effects of Maize-Soybean Ridge-Furrow Intercropping on Crop Yield and Water Use in Semiarid Regions

ZHANG XinBo, FAN Zhen, WU YuLin, WANG JiaHao, LUO Xuan, LIN YanRong, QIANG BinBin, REN XiaoLong, CHEN XiaoLi

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3056-3069.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.005

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【Objective】Aiming at the low water use efficiency in rain-fed farmlands of the semi-arid region in Northwest China, this study explored the effects of ridge-furrow intercropping (RFIC) of maize and soybean on soil hydrothermal conditions, crop yield and water utilization, and clarified its advantages in optimizing crop growing environments and improving water use efficiency.【Method】A two-year consecutive located field experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024 in Yangling, Shaanxi, a typical rain-fed agricultural area in the semi-arid zone of Northwest China. Four planting patterns were set up, including sole maize (SM), sole soybean (SS), conventional intercropping with a maize-soybean row ratio of 2:4 (IC), and ridge-furrow intercropping (RFIC), where maize was planted in furrows and soybean on ridges with the same row ratio as IC. Soil temperature, soil water content, soil evaporation, crop photosynthetic physiology, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation were measured during the growing period. Grain yield was determined at harvest. Land equivalent ratio (LER), water use efficiency (WUE) and water equivalent ratio (WER) were calculated to comprehensively evaluate the performance of different planting patterns in crop production and water utilization.【Result】Compared with IC, RFIC significantly increased maize LAI (by 8.5%), net photosynthetic rate (by 7.2%), and dry matter accumulation (by 10.4%). Relative to SM and SS, RFIC significantly increased maize yield without causing a significant reduction in soybean yield. The LER ranged from 1.14 to 1.18, indicating improved land-use efficiency under RFIC. By reshaping surface microtopography, RFIC reduced non-productive evaporation; during the maize jointing stage, soil water content in the 0-20 cm layer under RFIC was significantly higher than that under IC by 11.2% and 6.8% in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Although RFIC did not reduce total water consumption, WUE increased by 7.9%-9.2% relative to IC. Over the two years, the WER ranged from 1.06 to 1.18, demonstrating more effective water use under RFIC.【Conclusion】Overall, compared with IC, RFIC created a more favorable early-season growth environment by reducing surface-layer evaporation and improving the thermal regime during early growth stages. Under RFIC, maize-having a competitive advantage-achieved higher yield, while interspecific competitive suppression of soybean was alleviated, thereby enhancing overall land-use efficiency. Given the increasing global constraints on land and water resources, RFIC showed promise for optimizing cropping systems and promoting sustainable agricultural development in Northwest China.

PLANT PROTECTION

The Disease Resistance Function Mediated by the Lipoxygenase Gene LOX2-1 in Citrus sinensis

LUO ChangWei, DENG JieFu, WANG Bing, YI TuYong, SONG Na

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3070-3081.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.006

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【Objective】Based on the transcriptome data of Citrus sinensis interaction with Diaporthe citri, a significantly up-regulated lipoxygenase gene was screened and named CsLOX2-1. The aim of this study is to systematically analyze its expression characteristics and disease resistance function, and to provide candidate gene resources for citrus disease resistance breeding.【Method】The expression pattern of CsLOX2-1 in different tissues (roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds) of C. sinensis and under various stress conditions (4, 40 ℃, 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl, mechanical damage, infection with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) and D. citri) was detected using RT-qPCR. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to investigate the domain structure of CsLOX2-1 and its evolutionary relationship with LOX genes from other species. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression technology was used to overexpress CsLOX2-1 in C. sinensis leaves, followed by evaluation of its resistance to citrus canker after Xcc inoculation and detection of jasmonic acid (JA) content changes. Additionally, Arabidopsis thaliana heterologous expression lines were constructed, and their resistances to the model strains Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) and Botrytis cinerea were analyzed, and the expression levels of defense-related genes were detected by RT-qPCR.【Result】The full-length CDS of CsLOX2-1 is 2 703 bp, encoding 900 amino acids. The protein contains a typical Lipoxygenase domain and a PLAT/LH2 domain, without transmembrane domain. This gene shares 99% similarity with its homolog in Melia azedarach and is localized to the chloroplast. Expression pattern analysis revealed that CsLOX2-1 exhibited tissue-specific expression in C. sinensis, with the highest relative expression in leaves. Under multiple stresses, the response to biotic stress was particularly significant, which was up-regulated by 17.64 and 257.10 times at 48 h after infection with Xcc and D. citri, respectively. Transient overexpression experiments showed that overexpressing CsLOX2-1 in C. sinensis leaves significantly promoted JA synthesis and enhanced resistance to citrus canker. After heterologous overexpression of CsLOX2-1 in A. thaliana, the expression levels of multiple defense-related genes (AtJAR1, AtMYC2, AtPDF1.2, AtPR1, etc.) were significantly up-regulated, accompanied by a marked enhancement in resistance to Pst DC3000 and B. cinerea.【Conclusion】CsLOX2-1 is induced by pathogen infection and participates in citrus disease resistance by regulating the JA signaling pathway. The research results can provide important gene resources for citrus disease resistance breeding.

Interactive Effects of Traction Speed and Operating Distance on Spraying Performance of an Air-Assisted Sprayer in Apple Orchards

ZHAI Hao, YU XianMei, WANG Tao, WANG LaiPing, WANG Dan, XUE XiaoMin

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3082-3093.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.007

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【Objective】This study aims to investigate the effects of operating distance and traction speed on droplet characteristics, deposition distribution, and pesticide deposition efficiency of an air-assisted sprayer in apple orchards, and to clarify the interaction mechanism between these two parameters, so as to provide a theoretical basis for precision spraying in orchards.【Method】A two-factor field experiment was conducted in a wide-row densely planted apple orchard using an SS-1000 self-propelled air-assisted sprayer. Three operating distances (0, 0.5, and 1.0 m) and three traction speeds (2.48, 4.10, and 5.98 km·h^-1) were set, resulting in nine treatment combinations. The droplet size (volume median diameter, VMD), droplet density, and droplet coverage were measured using the water-sensitive paper method. Foliar deposition and ground deposition were determined using the Allura Red tracer method combined with spectrophotometry, and the pesticide deposition efficiency was calculated. Range analysis and analysis of variance were employed to evaluate the main effects and interactions of the factors.【Result】At the same operating distance, as traction speed increased, droplet size, droplet coverage, foliar deposition, and ground deposition exhibited a decreasing trend, while droplet density and pesticide deposition efficiency showed an increasing trend. At the same traction speed, as operating distance increased, droplet size and density increased, whereas droplet coverage, foliar deposition, and pesticide deposition efficiency showed opposite trends. The ratio of inner to outer canopy deposition ranged from 0.400 to 0.682, with the highest value (0.682) observed at the combination of 0 m operating distance and 2.48 km·h^-1 traction speed. Orthogonal analysis revealed that the order of factors influencing foliar deposition was traction speed>interaction between traction speed and operating distance>height>operating distance. Traction speed had a highly significant effect on foliar deposition (P<0.01), the interaction between operating distance and traction speed showed a significant effect (P<0.10), while height had no significant effect (P>0.25). The optimal combination for maximizing foliar deposition was 0 m operating distance and 2.48 km·h^-1 traction speed. For ground deposition, the order of influencing factors was traction speed>operating distance>direction>interaction, and the optimal combination for minimizing ground deposition was 0 m operating distance, 5.98 km·h^-1 traction speed, and north direction. A regression model (R²=0.90) confirmed the antagonistic interaction between operating distance and traction speed, and the predicted optimal parameters (0 m, 2.48 km·h^-1) were consistent with the measured results.【Conclusion】Operating distance and traction speed exhibit a significant antagonistic effect on spraying performance, meaning that operating distance negatively regulates the effect of traction speed. As the operating distance increases, the sensitivity of traction speed’s impact on deposition decreases. The combination of short distance and low speed is conducive to improving inner canopy deposition and pesticide deposition efficiency. The combination of long distance and high speed can enhance operational efficiency, but tends to result in insufficient canopy penetration and increased ground loss. Therefore, in practical production, operating parameters should be synergistically optimized according to the control objectives.

SOIL & FERTILIZER·WATER-SAVING IRRIGATION·AGROECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Soil Aggregates in Wheat Fields and Their Carbon and Nitrogen Distribution Characteristics in Response to Green Manure Application Combined with Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

FENG ZhenKang, YU AiZhong, YIN Bo, ZHANG DongLing, CAI HongWei, HOU ShiHe, HUANG YaLi, YU YanZi, HUO JianZhe, PANG XiaoNeng

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3094-3104.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.008

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【Objective】Based on a long‑term field experiment, this study investigated the response of soil aggregate distribution characteristics, along with their associated organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, to green manure incorporation combined with nitrogen reduction. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for developing rational soil fertility management practices in wheat production in this region.【Method】Based on seven treatments from a long‑term field experiment initiated in 2018: N100 (no green manure incorporation with 180 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen), G1N85 (15 000 kg∙hm^-2 green manure+153 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen), G2N85 (22 500 kg∙hm^-2 green manure+153 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen), G3N85 (30 000 kg∙hm^-2 green manure+153 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen), G1N70 (15 000 kg∙hm^-2 green manure+127 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen), G2N70 (22 500 kg∙hm^-2 green manure+127 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen), and G3N70 (30 000 kg∙hm^-2 green manure+127 kg∙hm^-2 nitrogen). Using data from this field experiment collected in 2024 and 2025, we analyzed the effects of these treatments on soil aggregate composition and carbon‑nitrogen nutrient contents.【Result】Compared to N100, the combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen fertilizer application not only significantly increased the content of large soil aggregates (>0.25 mm) in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers of wheat fields but also enhanced the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD), with the G3N85 treatment yielding the optimal effect. Compared to other treatments, G3N85 increased the organic carbon and total nitrogen content of all particle size agglomerates. with increases in organic carbon content of 0.7%-12.9%, 1.3%-12.4%, 1.2%-15.0%, and 3.2%-13.4% for aggregates >2 mm, 2-0.25 mm, 0.25-0.053 mm, and <0.053 mm, respectively. while aggregate total nitrogen increased by 3.1%-11.4%, 3.6%-11.1%, 2.1%-13.1%, and 4.9%-10.9%, respectively. Moreover, the contribution rates of organic carbon and total nitrogen in large aggregates to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly increased under this treatment, with increases of 19.7%, 23.3%, 19.6%, and 24.2%, respectively. Conversely, the contribution rates of organic carbon and total nitrogen from micro-aggregates and silt-clay particles to soil organic carbon and total nitrogen significantly decreased.【Conclusion】The combination of green manure incorporation and reduced nitrogen fertilizer application not only increased the content and stability of large soil aggregates in the 0-40 cm layer but also enhanced the contribution rates of organic carbon and total nitrogen in these aggregates. The optimal treatment was applying 30 000 kg∙hm^-2 of green manure combined with 153 kg∙hm^-2 of nitrogen fertilizer. This regimen can serve as a rational fertilization system for maintaining soil structure stability and promoting carbon-nitrogen accumulation in wheat fields in the Hexi Oasis irrigation district.

Construction of a Critical Nitrogen Dilution Curve Model and Nitrogen Nutrition Diagnosis for Dryland Foxtail Millet Under Film Mulching with Micro-Drip Irrigation

LIU JiaXuan, CAO HongXia, REN LiYu, MA LiNa, ZHANG Bin, SHEN JiaQi, LI ZhiJun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3105-3120.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.009

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【Objective】To quantify the effects of different fertilization rates and basal-to-topdressing ratios on nitrogen uptake and aboveground biomass accumulation of foxtail millet under film-mulched micro-drip irrigation within the “four-in-one” system in northern Shaanxi; to establish critical nitrogen dilution curves under different basal-to-topdressing ratios; to evaluate the applicability of a Bayesian hierarchical model for parameter estimation of the curves; and to determine the optimal fertilization rate and basal-to-topdressing ratio based on the nitrogen nutrition index and yield response, thereby providing a theoretical basis for precise nitrogen management under integrated water-fertilizer conditions in dryland regions of northern Shaanxi.【Method】A two-year field experiment (2023-2024) was conducted in Yulin, Shaanxi Province, using drip irrigation and fertigation treatments. Three basal-to-topdressing fertilizer ratios were set: B82 (8:2), B64 (6:4), and B46 (4:6), along with four fertilizer application levels of N-P₂O₅-K₂O (0-0-0, 90-45-45, 120-60-60, and 150-75-75 kg·hm^-2). The effects of NPK rates and basal-to-topdressing ratios on the aboveground dry matter and nitrogen concentration of millet under supplemental irrigation were investigated. Classical statistical analysis and Bayesian hierarchical modeling were employed to establish critical nitrogen dilution curves and to determine optimal fertilization strategies.【Result】The B64 treatment effectively promoted nitrogen uptake and aboveground biomass accumulation, with overall trends of B64>B82>B46 treatment for both dry matter and nitrogen concentration. Although the basal-to-topdressing ratio had no statistically significant effect on the parameters of the critical nitrogen dilution curve, years with lower precipitation resulted in higher dilution coefficient (A₂) values and increased parameter uncertainty in the B46 treatment. On this basis, the critical nitrogen dilution curves under different basis tracking treatments in 2023, 2024 were proposed: B82: Nc=3.58W^-0.48, Nc=3.14W^-0.36; B64: Nc=3.51W^-0.40, Nc=3.65W^-0.37; and B46: Nc=3.79W^-0.62, Nc=2.71W^-0.36 under different basis tracking treatments. The nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) calculated from these curves increased with fertilization rate, approaching 1.0 at 120-60-60 kg·hm^-2, where relative yield (RY) also reached its maximum. Considering both biomass and yield performance, the optimal fertilizer application rate for millet under these conditions was 120-60-60 kg·hm^-2, with the best basal-to-topdressing ratio of 6:4.【Conclusion】Critical nitrogen dilution curves for foxtail millet under different basal-to-topdressing ratios in northern Shaanxi were developed using both Bayesian and classical statistical methods. The Bayesian approach yielded lower uncertainty and higher precision. By integrating multiple indicators, the optimal basal-to-topdressing ratio was determined to be 6:4, with an N-P₂O₅-K₂O rate of 120-60-60 kg·hm^-2 recommended as the suitable fertilization regime for local foxtail millet production.

Effects of Soil Conditioners and Organic Fertilizer Application on Enzyme Activity and Rice Yield in an Acid Paddy Soil

YE JiaYi, WU QiFeng, WANG JiaLin, ZHOU Yan, MA XiaoMin, LIANG ChenFei, QIN Hua, CHEN JunHui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3121-3131.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.010

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【Objective】The effects of application of soil conditioners and their combination with organic fertilizers at a low addition rate on soil acidity, nutrients, enzyme activity and rice yield following three successive years were investigated in this study, so as to provide a theoretical basis for soil improvement in acid red soil in Southern China.【Method】A field experiment was conducted with eight treatments: a control without fertilization and soil conditioner (CK0), traditional fertilization (CK1), application of mineral soil conditioner (0.75 t·hm^-2) with traditional fertilization (M), organic soil conditioner (1.2 t·hm^-2) with traditional fertilization (O), and combined application of mineral and organic soil conditioners with traditional fertilization (MO), as well as co-application of M, O and MO with organic fertilizer (4.5 t·hm^-2) under traditional fertilization (MF, OF and MOF). The soil conditioners and organic fertilizer were applied once per year. After consecutive application for 3 years, rice yield was measured and soil chemical properties and soil enzyme activity were analyzed.【Result】Compared with CK0 and CK1, all the treatments significantly increased soil pH, respectively, and significantly reduced soil exchangeable H⁺, exchangeable Al³⁺, and exchangeable acid concentrations. Compared with CK1, MF, OF, and MOF treatments significantly increased soil organic matter content, while MOF treatment also increased available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and rice yield. Compared with the CK1, the application of MF and OF significantly reduced the activity of acid phosphatase, while MOF significantly reduced the vector angle, indicating a decreased microbial phosphorus (P) limitation. Soil exchangeable H⁺, exchangeable Al³⁺, and exchangeable acid concentrations had positive correlations with the activity of acid phosphatase, while soil organic matter, pH, available N, microbial biomass carbon, available P had negative correlations with it. Redundant analysis indicated that decrease in soil potential acidity and increase in soil nutrients were the key drivers of soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis suggested that rice yield was significantly positively correlated with soil organic matter, available N, and available P, and significantly negatively correlated with exchangeable acids and the vector angle. Structural equation modeling further indicated that variation in soil organic matter and exchangeable acid changes rice yield via microbial biomass carbon and P limitation, which explained 62% variation in rice yield. Soil organic matter had a significant positive effect on rice yield, while the exchangeable acid concentration and vector angle had negative effects on it.【Conclusion】The combined application of mineral or organic soil conditioners with organic fertilizer following three successive years reduced soil acidity, improved soil organic matter and nutrient availability and mitigated microbial P limitation. The combination of the three amendments had the best improvement on rice yield, thereby can be recognized as an effective way for reducing acidity and improving soil fertility in red soil in the south China.

HORTICULTURE

Effects of Helianthus tuberosus Straw Biochar on Watermelon Growth, Fusarium Wilt and Soil Bacterial Communities Under Continuous Cropping

ZHOU ShengYi, LI Chao, YU XinRan, WU FengZhi, PAN Kai

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3132-3146.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.011

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【Objective】Aiming at the problems of plant growth inhibition, frequent Fusarium wilt and microbial community imbalance caused by continuous cropping obstacle of watermelon, the effects of Helianthus tuberosus straw biochar on growth promotion, disease inhibition and microbiological mechanism were explored.【Method】Two kinds of H. tuberosus straw biochar were used as test materials, and four treatments were set up, including 1% (w/w) biochar-continuous cropping soil mixed treatment (denoted as J04 and J13, respectively), carbendazim control (Y) and blank control (CK). The effects of biochar on the growth of watermelon seedlings and the occurrence of Fusarium wilt were investigated by pot experiment. The effects of H. tuberosus straw biochar on soil bacterial community structure and diversity were analyzed by Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology.【Result】Compared with CK, the two biochar treatments significantly promoted the accumulation of watermelon seedling biomass and reduced the Fusarium wilt disease index. At 35 d after transplanting, compared with CK, the whole plant dry weight of J04 and J13 treatments significantly increased by 10.8% and 27.6%, the incidence significantly decreased by 28.8% and 48.5%, and the disease index significantly decreased by 21.1 and 30.8. The incidence of carbendazim treatment (Y) was significantly lower than that of CK by 59.1%, the disease index was significantly decreased by 38.1, and the dry weight of the whole plant was significantly increased by 4.3% (P<0.05). Compared with CK, the α diversity of soil bacterial community in J04 and J13 treatments decreased significantly, and the Shannon index and Invsimpson index were significantly lower than CK. H. tuberosus biochar treatment significantly changed the soil bacterial community structure (R²=0.690, P=0.009). At the phylum level, J13 treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes, and inhibited Acidobacteriota and Myxococcota. At the genus level, J13 treatment significantly enriched potential beneficial bacteria such as Gemmatimonas and Devosia. The FAPROTAX function prediction further indicated that J13 treatment significantly increased the abundance of microbial groups related to functions such as chemical heterotrophy and urea decomposition, which may promote the rhizosphere nutrient cycle.【Conclusion】The addition of H. tuberosus straw biochar (J13) can effectively alleviate the continuous cropping obstacle of watermelon, and its growth-promoting and disease-inhibiting effects are closely related to the improvement of rhizosphere bacterial community structure and the enrichment of potential beneficial bacteria with specific functions.

Prediction and Evaluation of Suitable Habitats for Carya illinoinensis in China Based on an Optimized MaxEnt Model and Land Use Types

ZHAO Ning, ZHANG JiYu, WANG Rui, YUAN ShuangJin, CHEN JinHui, LI ShaSha, CHEN ZhiKun

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3147-3161.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.012

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【Objective】Carya illinoinensis (C. illinoinensis) (Pecan), as a characteristic agricultural and economic nut tree species, has been widely cultivated in multiple provinces across China in recent years. This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the scientific layout of the C. illinoinensis industry by investigating and predicting its suitable habitats and land resources in China.【Method】First, based on the optimized Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model, 29 environmental variables, including climate, topography, and soil factors from 167 C. illinoinensis cultivation sites in China were analyzed. Then the dominant environmental factors were screened out, and the potential suitable habitats of C. illinoinensis in China under the current climate scenario were predicted. Second, the available cultivation area for C. illinoinensis was extracted and predicted by overlaying the forest distribution data of China.【Result】The MaxEnt model performed optimally with Feature Class (FC)=Linear-Quadratic (LQ) and Regularization Multiplier (RM) = 2. The AUC value of the ROC curve was 0.93, and the mean TSS of the optimized model was 0.7655, demonstrating that the optimized MaxEnt model exhibits exceptionally high reliability and accuracy. The suitable habitats of C. illinoinensis were mainly influenced by temperature and altitude. The primary dominant environmental factor was the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), followed by altitude, isothermality (bio3), and temperature seasonality (bio4). The corresponding suitable threshold ranges were as follows: -5 ℃ to 5 ℃ for the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), below 1 000 m for altitude, 15-30 and 50-57 for isothermality (bio3), and 400-1 000 for temperature seasonality (bio4). Ten provinces in China were identified as moderately to highly suitable habitats for C. illinoinensis, with a medium-suitable area of 9 208.69×10⁴ hm²_, accounting for 10% of China's total land area, and the high suitable area of 6 411.22×10⁴ hm², accounting for 7% of China's total land area. By overlaying with the forest distribution data of China, the actual available cultivation area for C. illinoinensis in China was 1 360.53×10⁴ hm².【Conclusion】In China, C. illinoinensis has potentially suitable habitats in Anhui, Hubei, Henan, Jiangsu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, the central part of Yunnan, south-central Shaanxi, and southwestern Shandong. After overlaying the suitable habitat map with China's forest land distribution data, the actual usable area was significantly reduced. At the provincial scale, Hubei Province had the largest area of highly suitable forest land, reaching 343.35×10⁴ hm², followed by Hunan Province with 305.57×10⁴ hm². Jiangxi and Anhui ranked third and fourth, with 219.81×10⁴ and 161.83×10⁴ hm², respectively, making them important potential main producing areas for pecans. Combining the optimized MaxEnt model with land use types can effectively predict and scientifically evaluate the suitable areas for pecans in China, thereby providing a scientific basis for the development of the pecan industry in China.

FOOD SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Advances in Reinforcement Strategies and Mechanisms of Plant- Based Protein Gel Properties

YANG ShuaiLing, LI WenTing, XU Hui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3162-3184.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.013

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With the global shift towards sustainable development and healthier dietary choices, plant proteins are gaining prominence as viable alternatives to animal proteins. However, the inherent weaknesses in the gelling properties of native plant proteins significantly limit their applications in high-value food and non-food industries. This review aimed to systematically summarize the latest advancements in reinforcement strategies and the mechanisms that enhance the gel properties of plant proteins. The objective was to inform the development of high-performance plant protein products and underpin related theoretical research, thereby promoting innovative applications in a wider array of fields and supporting the growth of sustainable food and material systems. To achieve this, a comprehensive search of the Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and CNKI databases from 2015 to 2025 was conducted, using keywords like “plant protein gel”, “physical modification”, “enzymatic modification”, and “polysaccharide complexation”. The findings were supplemented through literature tracing and citation tracking, ultimately selecting high-quality studies for systematic analysis. This paper highlighted the foundational aspects of gel formation, various evaluation methods, and performance enhancement strategies for plant protein gels. It specifically focused on three primary reinforcement tactics: physical modifications (including thermal, ultrasonic, and high-pressure processing), chemical and enzymatic modifications (such as acylation, glycosylation, and transglutaminase cross-linking), and multi-component complexation (involving combinations with polysaccharides and polyphenols). Additionally, the emerging design strategies were explored, such as deep eutectic solvent (DES) engineering, double-network (DN) and interpenetrating network (IPN) structures, 4D-printed smart gels, and conductive/self-healing gels. These innovative approaches significantly enhanced the gel’s strength, stability, and functional diversity by leveraging energy inputs, precise covalent modifications, and intermolecular interactions. This marked a notable evolution from “passive performance enhancement” to “active function development”. However, the transition from laboratory research to industrial application presented significant challenges, such as balancing sensory attributes with nutritional value and navigating raw material variability and scalability issues. Future research should prioritize in-depth analyses of gelation kinetics and the rational design of gel properties. It should also encourage the intelligent integration of diverse strategies, explore alternative plant protein sources (such as microalgal, potato, and quinoa proteins), and establish effective connections between modification approaches and their applicable scenarios. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of industry, academia, and research efforts, plant protein gels are poised to become instrumental in areas, such as biomedicine, flexible electronics, and materials for a circular economy, thereby playing a critical role in the development of sustainable food and material systems.

Nutritional and Processing Characteristic Evaluation and Proteomics Analysis of Chicken Cultured Meat

DUAN RuiPei, XIA ShuangMei, ZHANG Yi, GUO YuJie, ZHANG Xing, ZHANG ChunHui

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3185-3202.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.014

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【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the differences in nutritional and processing qualities between cultured meat (CM) and chicken breast (CB), chicken thigh (CT), and to use proteomic technology to elucidate the quality differences, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the food processing of cultured meat.【Method】The compositional differences among CM, CB and CT in proteins, water, fat, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, and amino acids were evaluated to assess the nutritional quality of CM. pH values, color differences, and water holding capacity were measured to evaluate the processing quality of CM. Finally, proteomic analysis was used to identify differentially expressed proteins among CM, CB and CT, with metabolic pathways annotated using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to explain the compositional differences.【Result】CM had higher water content and lower protein content compared with CB and CT, but significant differences were observed in fatty acids, vitamins, and amino acids. The predominant fatty acid in cultured meat was oleic acid (C18:1), while the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content in CM was lower than that in CB and CT. Glutamic acid constitutes the primary amino acid (99.55 mg/100 g), cysteine and tyrosine levels were higher. However, the proportion of essential amino acids (34.99%) was lower than that in CB and CT. Vitamin B₁ content (0.09 mg/100 g) in CM was intermediate between CB and CT, but vitamin E content (0.01 mg/100 g) was lower than that in CB and CT. Potassium was also lower than that in CB and CT, while aluminum, iron, and selenium content exceeded those in CB and CT. The hardness and chewiness of CM were lower than those in CB and CT, the loss of centrifugal force was higher than that of CB (14.57%) and CT (12.56%), and the cooking loss was almost the same as that of CB, but significantly lower than that of CT (P<0.05). Through proteomic analysis with VIP>1, 76 differentially expressed proteins were identified among CB, CT and CM, primarily including fructose-1, 5-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDOC) and myosin light chain (MYL1). Structural proteins such as myofibrillar proteins in CM, along with proteins related to muscular system processes and skeletal muscle development, were downregulated. Conversely, fibroblast-associated proteins exhibited up-regulation, such as KANK1, TPM2, and COL5A1.【Conclusion】CM was different from raised meat in nutritional quality. It contained lower protein and essential amino acid ratios while having higher sodium levels than raised meat. However, it demonstrated relatively lower SFA content and contained unsaturated fatty acids. CM also contained higher levels of microelements like iron and selenium, indicating potential for nutritional fortification. The texture of CM was softer, with lower water retention capacity than raised meat, making it more suitable for processing into emulsified sausages and other minced meat products. Proteomic analysis revealed down-regulated expression of structural proteins, such as myofibrillar proteins in CM, resulting in weaker thermal gelation ability and water holding capacity, which might be key factors contributing to its texture differences.

ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE

Research Status of Microbial Fermentation of Chinese Herbal Medicines and Discussion on Its Application in Livestock and Poultry Breeding

ZHANG ChaoSheng, CHEN ZhiMin, LI ShuZhen, WANG ShaoLong, LIU GuoHua

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3203-3219.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.015

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With the implementation of global policies to ban and limit the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, exploring safe and efficient alternatives to antibiotics has become a research hotspot in the feed industry. The "Feed Raw Materials Catalogue" of China includes 117 kinds of natural plants that are both edible and medicinal, laying a resource foundation for the development of Chinese herbal feed additives. Although Chinese herbal medicines have the potential for antibacterial, immunomodulatory and growth-promoting properties, they have long been limited by three core bottlenecks in practical application: difficult dissolution of components, low bioavailability of glycoside active ingredients, and the existence of endogenous toxicity in some medicinal materials with unclear mechanisms. Microbial fermentation technology combines traditional processing techniques with modern biotechnology, which provides an innovative path to solve the above-mentioned problems through the biodegradation, biotransformation of microbial enzyme systems and the synergistic action of bacteria and drugs. This article systematically expounded the latest research progress of microbial fermentation of Chinese herbal medicines. Firstly, the characteristics of the two mainstream processes, including liquid fermentation and solid fermentation, were compared and analyzed: although liquid fermentation was conducive to process control and scale, its cost was relatively high; solid fermentation was cost-effective and suitable for the feed industry, but the stability of product quality needed to be improved. Secondly, it elaborated in depth on the four core advantages and mechanism of action of microbial fermentation technology: first, it generated new active substances that the original medicinal materials did not possess through enzymatic modification by microorganisms, expanding the material basis of medicinal effects; second, through the dual mechanisms of physical cell wall breaking and biochemical transformation, the content of active ingredients and bioavailability were significantly increased; thirdly, the safety hazards were eliminated by specifically degrading toxic components (such as converting diester alkaloids into monoester ones); fourthly, by improving physical and chemical properties and flavor, the stability and palatability of the product could be enhanced. Furthermore, focusing on the practical demands of the feed industry, this paper categorized and recommended specific herbal substrates with high industrial potential: growth-promoting herbs (e.g., Astragalusand, Codonopsis), immunomodulatory herbs (e.g., Glycyrrhizaand, Ligustrum), and gut health-maintaining herbs (e.g., Loniceraand, Andrographis), providing a clear guideline for feed formulation. Based on this, this article summarized the empirical effects of microbial fermentation of Chinese herbal medicine in livestock and poultry production, including promoting growth performance by optimizing the intestinal microecology, enhancing barrier function and improving nutrient utilization rate, and improving meat quality by regulating muscle metabolism and antioxidant capacity; it alleviated oxidative stress and reduced disease susceptibility by activating signaling pathways, such as Nrf2. Finally, in response to the current challenges in industrialization, this article looked forward to future research directions: the need to use multi-omics technologies to precisely identify exclusive functional strains, establish a refined and standardized control system for the fermentation process, deeply analyze the mechanism of the "microbe-organism-immune" axis, and improve the toxicological safety evaluation system and product quality standards, in order to promote the transition of fermented Chinese herbs from the laboratory to industrial application, and contribute to the green development of the livestock industry.

MOTS-C Regulates Mitochondrial Dynamics and Oxidative Stress to Inhibit Apoptosis and Enhance Energy Metabolism in IPEC-J2 Cells

HUO LeLe, TIAN WanRu, WANG BinBin, CAO HanYang, LI MengXuan, LIU JunYing, LUO Gang, SHEN ManMan, SUN LiuMei, LIU JiYing

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2026, 59(14):  3220-3236.  doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.016

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【Objective】By obtaining the genetic sequence of MOTS-C and analyzing its effects on mitochondrial dynamics and antioxidant capacity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), its effects on cell proliferation and intestinal barrier were detected, so as to provide a new molecular target and theoretical basis for the use of MOTS-C to improve piglet intestinal health.【Method】Overexpression vectors or exogenous MOTS-C peptides were used to treat IPEC-J2 cells, and their effects on cell proliferation, barrier function, mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were evaluated.【Result】Pig MOTS-C was encoded by a highly conserved 21-amino acid peptide from the mitochondrial genome. In IPEC-J2 cells, MOTS-C overexpression significantly downregulated the mitochondrial dynamics-related genes mRNA levels of DRP1 (P<0.01) and Fis1 (P<0.05), while upregulating the fusion-promoting protein OPA1 (P<0.01) and the protein expression of MFN2 (P<0.01). MOTS-C reduced the production of ROS, increased the activities of CAT and T-SOD (P<0.01), lowered MDA content (P<0.01), and upregulated antioxidative genes, including superoxide SOD3 and CAT (P<0.05) at the mRNA level, as well as SOD2 and GCLM at the protein level (P<0.05). MOTS-C also enhanced the expression of tight junction-related genes, including Claudin and Occludin (P<0.05), and proliferation-associated genes, such as CDK2 and CCNDBP1 (P<0.05), and increased CCND1 protein expression (P<0.05). In addition, MOTS-C suppressed the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic genes BAX and CASP3 (P<0.05), while elevating the protein level of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2 (P<0.05). MOTS-C peptide significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of DRP1 (P<0.05) and FIS1 (P<0.01), while significantly upregulating OPA1 (P<0.05). Western blot results showed that the expression of MFN2 protein was increased (P>0.05). MOTS-C peptide also significantly increased CAT enzyme activity levels (P<0.05) and significantly reduced intracellular MDA content (P<0.05). Moreover, it significantly increased SOD3 and HO-1 mRNA levels (P<0.05). Further Western blot analysis indicated MOTS-C peptide significantly increased HO-1 protein level, and it consistent with the trend in mRNA levels (P<0.05). In addition, the MOTS-C peptide downregulated the mRNA expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes BAX (P > 0.05), and the BAX/BCL2 was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, MOTS-C peptide significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of BAX/BCL2 (P<0.05).【Conclusion】MOTS-C enhanced mitochondrial dynamics and antioxidative capacity in IPEC-J2 cells, promoted cell proliferation, strengthend intestinal barrier integrity, and reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis.