饲用小黑麦种质资源创新与综合利用研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Resource scarcity and food security challenges are intensifying, making the development and utilization of suboptimal agricultural areas (marginal lands) a critical strategy for ensuring global food supply. As the first artificially created allopolyploid crop, dwarfed triticale combines wheat’s high yield and quality with rye’s robust stress tolerance, demonstrating unique advantages in marginal land agriculture. This paper systematically reviews research progress on triticale’s genetic evolution, germplasm resources, stress resistance mechanisms, and industrial applications. It focuses on evaluating the strengths and limitations of hexaploid triticale breeding strategies, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for unlocking its potential in ecological restoration, forage security, and functional food development. Employing bibliometric analysis and systematic review methodologies, we comprehensively retrieved and integrated domestic and international triticale-related studies. From the genetic evolution perspective, it traces the historical trajectory and driving factors behind the shift in breeding focus from octoploid to hexaploid triticale. From a resource conservation perspective, it summarizes the global status of germplasm collection and the preservation strategy of “low temperature and humidity + periodic renewal”; from a physiological mechanism perspective, it analyzes signal transduction and molecular regulatory networks under saline-alkali and drought stress; from an industrial application perspective, it evaluates the research achievements in forage rotation, ecological restoration, and processing utilization; and it compares the research progress of traditional phenotypic selection with modern molecular breeding techniques. Current research indicates: (1) Genetic Evolution: Breeding strategies for triticale have achieved a fundamental shift from cytologically unstable octoploids to genetically stable hexaploids (e.g., CIMMYT’s “Armadillo” line). However, narrow genetic backgrounds and the absence of superior traits from wheat’s D genome remain major bottlenecks. (2) Stress Resistance Mechanisms: Triticale exhibits exceptional adaptability to marginal lands. Its salt tolerance relies on root organic acid secretion for Na⁺ chelation and a “root > stem > leaf” ion compartmentalization strategy, while drought resistance is achieved through accumulation of osmotic regulatory compounds and maintenance of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) activity; (3) Industrial Applications: The “silage maize-forage triticale” relay cropping system achieves a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) exceeding 1.35, effectively alleviating seasonal forage shortages. It also holds promising prospects for saline-alkali land remediation and the development of high-dietary-fiber functional foods; (4) Breeding Technology: Research paradigms are transitioning from traditional phenotypic selection to “molecular design + high-throughput phenotyping.” SSR marker-based and GWAS-driven identification of stress-resistant QTLs has become a hotspot. The successful development of triticale confirms that introducing the foreign R genome is an effective approach to push crop stress tolerance beyond conventional limits. Future research should establish an innovative strategy of “learning from wheat to enhance rye”: Leverage hexaploid wheat pangenome information to decipher the genetic basis of complex traits in triticale. Employ chromosome engineering to precisely introduce superior genes from wheat’s D genome-such as those controlling gluten strength and dwarfism-to create “recombinant” germplasm combining stress tolerance with high quality. Simultaneously, establish a dual industrial structure integrating “grain-forage dual-purpose” and “ecological restoration” to fully realize its strategic value within resilient agricultural systems.

Key words: triticale, germplasm resources, molecular design breeding, saline-alkali land utilization, forage, stress resistance mechanisms

MA YaJun, YAN YaJun, YANG WeiDi, YANG TianHui, WANG Chuan, GAO Ting. Research Progress on Germplasm Innovation and Comprehensive Utilization of Forage Triticale[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(14): 2993-3005.

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品种 Variety	株高 Plant height (cm)	鲜草产量 Fresh forage yield (t·hm^-2)	干草产量 Hay yield (t·hm^-2)	蛋白含量 Protein content (%)	相对饲用价 Relative feed value	耐盐等级 Salt tolerance grade	出苗率 Emergence rate (%)	越冬率 Winter survival rate (%)
中饲1048 Zhongsi 1048	145	75.2	18.5	16.8	142	强 High	95.2	98.5
冀饲5号Jisi 5	138	68.9	17.2	15.9	135	中 Moderate	92.1	96.2
晋饲草1号Jinsicao 1	152	72.1	19.1	17.2	148	强 High	96.8	99.1
陇饲1号Longsi 1	141	69.8	17.8	16.3	138	中 Moderate	93.5	97.3
宁饲1号Ningsi 1	136	65.4	16.9	15.7	132	中 Moderate	91.7	95.8

项目 Item	单位成本 Unit cost (yuan·hm^-2)	总成本 Total cost (10000 yuan)	占比 Proportion (%)
小黑麦种植成本Triticale planting cost	4200	28.0	46.7
小黑麦产出收入Triticale output income	-9750	-65.0	57.5
玉米种植成本Maize planting cost	4800	32.0	53.3
玉米产出收入Maize output income	-7200	-48.0	42.5
总成本Total cost	9000	60.0	100.0
总收入Total income	-16950	-113.0	100.0
净利润Net profit	7950	53.0	46.7
土地当量比Land equivalent ratio	1.35	1.35	—
投资回报率 Return on investment (%)	88.3	88.3	—

应用方向 Application area	核心价值 Core value	产品示例 Product examples	技术要点/优势 Key technical points/advantages
营养强化配粉 Nutritionally fortified flour blending	高蛋白、高赖氨酸 High protein, high lysine	营养强化面包、馒头、面条 Nutritionally enhanced bread, steamed buns, noodles	复配比例20%—30%；需辅以食品改良剂优化质构 Blending ratio 20%-30%; requires food improvers to optimize texture
酿造工业 Brewing industry	高α-淀粉酶活性、高氮源 High α-amylase activity, high nitrogen source	特种啤酒、麦芽、发酵醋 Specialty beer, malt, fermented vinegar	简化糖化工艺，提升发酵效率，赋予独特风味 Simplifies saccharification process, enhances fermentation efficiency, imparts unique flavor
功能性配料 Functional ingredients	麸皮富含膳食纤维与多酚 Bran rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols	高纤维饼干、益生元饮品、天然抗氧化剂 High-fiber biscuits, probiotic beverages, natural antioxidants	提取利用副产物，提升产品健康属性，实现全籽粒利用 Extract and utilize by-products to enhance the health attributes of products and achieve whole-grain utilization

Research Progress on Germplasm Innovation and Comprehensive Utilization of Forage Triticale

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