牵引速度与作业距离对苹果园风送式喷雾机喷雾性能的交互作用

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.14.007

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aims to investigate the effects of operating distance and traction speed on droplet characteristics, deposition distribution, and pesticide deposition efficiency of an air-assisted sprayer in apple orchards, and to clarify the interaction mechanism between these two parameters, so as to provide a theoretical basis for precision spraying in orchards.【Method】A two-factor field experiment was conducted in a wide-row densely planted apple orchard using an SS-1000 self-propelled air-assisted sprayer. Three operating distances (0, 0.5, and 1.0 m) and three traction speeds (2.48, 4.10, and 5.98 km·h^-1) were set, resulting in nine treatment combinations. The droplet size (volume median diameter, VMD), droplet density, and droplet coverage were measured using the water-sensitive paper method. Foliar deposition and ground deposition were determined using the Allura Red tracer method combined with spectrophotometry, and the pesticide deposition efficiency was calculated. Range analysis and analysis of variance were employed to evaluate the main effects and interactions of the factors.【Result】At the same operating distance, as traction speed increased, droplet size, droplet coverage, foliar deposition, and ground deposition exhibited a decreasing trend, while droplet density and pesticide deposition efficiency showed an increasing trend. At the same traction speed, as operating distance increased, droplet size and density increased, whereas droplet coverage, foliar deposition, and pesticide deposition efficiency showed opposite trends. The ratio of inner to outer canopy deposition ranged from 0.400 to 0.682, with the highest value (0.682) observed at the combination of 0 m operating distance and 2.48 km·h^-1 traction speed. Orthogonal analysis revealed that the order of factors influencing foliar deposition was traction speed>interaction between traction speed and operating distance>height>operating distance. Traction speed had a highly significant effect on foliar deposition (P<0.01), the interaction between operating distance and traction speed showed a significant effect (P<0.10), while height had no significant effect (P>0.25). The optimal combination for maximizing foliar deposition was 0 m operating distance and 2.48 km·h^-1 traction speed. For ground deposition, the order of influencing factors was traction speed>operating distance>direction>interaction, and the optimal combination for minimizing ground deposition was 0 m operating distance, 5.98 km·h^-1 traction speed, and north direction. A regression model (R²=0.90) confirmed the antagonistic interaction between operating distance and traction speed, and the predicted optimal parameters (0 m, 2.48 km·h^-1) were consistent with the measured results.【Conclusion】Operating distance and traction speed exhibit a significant antagonistic effect on spraying performance, meaning that operating distance negatively regulates the effect of traction speed. As the operating distance increases, the sensitivity of traction speed’s impact on deposition decreases. The combination of short distance and low speed is conducive to improving inner canopy deposition and pesticide deposition efficiency. The combination of long distance and high speed can enhance operational efficiency, but tends to result in insufficient canopy penetration and increased ground loss. Therefore, in practical production, operating parameters should be synergistically optimized according to the control objectives.

Key words: air-assisted sprayer, apple orchard, operating parameter, droplet deposition, interactive effect

ZHAI Hao, YU XianMei, WANG Tao, WANG LaiPing, WANG Dan, XUE XiaoMin. Interactive Effects of Traction Speed and Operating Distance on Spraying Performance of an Air-Assisted Sprayer in Apple Orchards[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(14): 3082-3093.

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References 35

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项目Category	指标Indicator
外形尺寸Overall size	3.78 m×1.43 m×1.33 m
工作压力Working pressure	1.2-2.5 MPa
动力Power	风冷汽油机Air-cooled gasoline engine
药箱容量Capacity	1000 L
喷嘴型式Nozzle type	半环状Semicircle-shaped
额定转速Rated revolution	540 r/min
喷雾流量Spray flow	135 L·min^-1

水平 Level	因素Factor
水平 Level	作业距离 Operating distance (m)	牵引速度 Traction speed (km·h^-1)	高度 Height	方位 Orientation
1	0	2.48	上层Upper	东East
2	0.5	4.10	中层Middle	西West
3	1.0	5.98	下层Lower	北North

施药方式 Application mode	牵引速度 Traction speed (km·h^-1)	总施液量 Total water consumption (L)	施液量 Water consumption (L·hm^-2)	单株施液量 Water consumption per plant (L)
喷雾机Sprayer	2.48	98	2250.0	2.26
	4.10	78	1782.9	1.80
	5.98	50	1142.9	1.15
人工Manual	—	29.5	2970.0	2.68

作业距离 Operating distance (m)	牵引速度 Traction speed (km·h^-1)	体积中径 Volume median diameter (VMD) (μm)	雾滴密度 Droplet density (points/cm²)	雾滴覆盖率 Droplet coverage (%)
0	2.48	142.17±8.91cd	51.02±10.55d	45.78±6.18a
	4.10	108.83±9.79ef	56.35±9.84cd	44.57±4.00ab
	5.98	104.33±5.96f	62.54±10.00cd	43.50±7.50ab
0.5	2.48	151.67±10.54bc	59.41±10.57cd	40.66±8.31ab
	4.10	115.83±7.41e	77.84±22.19ab	37.17±12.54ab
	5.98	111.17±8.21ef	79.40±19.86ab	32.74±14.17b
1.0	2.48	162.50±6.66a	70.56±20.09bc	41.52±8.77ab
	4.10	155.00±8.39ab	84.60±10.49ab	39.30±14.54ab
	5.98	141.17±8.75d	87.60±19.72a	32.94±11.57b
人工Manual		—	—	51.38

作业距离 Operating distance (m)	牵引速度 Traction speed (km·h^-1)	叶片沉积量 Foliar deposition amount (μg·cm^-2)		比值（内﹕外） Ratio (inner﹕outer)	平均叶片沉积量 Average of foliar deposition (μg·cm^-2)	农药沉积效率 Pesticide deposition efficiency (%)	地面沉积量 Ground deposition amount (μg·cm^-2)	地面流失率 Ground loss rate (%)
作业距离 Operating distance (m)	牵引速度 Traction speed (km·h^-1)	内部 Internal	外部 External	比值（内﹕外） Ratio (inner﹕outer)	平均叶片沉积量 Average of foliar deposition (μg·cm^-2)	农药沉积效率 Pesticide deposition efficiency (%)	地面沉积量 Ground deposition amount (μg·cm^-2)	地面流失率 Ground loss rate (%)
0	2.48	0.138±0.035a	0.201±0.046a	0.682	0.185±0.052a	32.16	0.207±0.094ab	20.83
	4.10	0.109±0.015b	0.186±0.054ab	0.587	0.167±0.058ab	35.96	0.125±0.033bc	15.74
	5.98	0.083±0.019cd	0.170±0.047b	0.489	0.149±0.057b	51.60	0.082±0.055c	16.16
0.5	2.48	0.103±0.012b	0.190±0.035ab	0.542	0.168±0.049ab	29.98	0.199±0.099ab	20.02
	4.10	0.096±0.017bc	0.186±0.042ab	0.519	0.163±0.054ab	35.26	0.166±0.111abc	20.88
	5.98	0.080±0.019cd	0.168±0.033b	0.475	0.146±0.049b	48.91	0.127±0.049bc	25.02
1.0	2.48	0.081±0.014cd	0.181±0.044ab	0.443	0.156±0.059b	24.86	0.229±0.116a	22.98
	4.10	0.072±0.015d	0.173±0.036b	0.414	0.148±0.055b	33.06	0.129±0.066bc	16.21
	5.98	0.066±0.011d	0.165±0.026b	0.400	0.141±0.049b	48.30	0.134±0.018bc	26.32
人工Manual		0.318	0.293	1.084	0.299	19.62	1.380	16.09

Interactive Effects of Traction Speed and Operating Distance on Spraying Performance of an Air-Assisted Sprayer in Apple Orchards

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试验号Number	因素Factor				叶片沉积量 Foliar deposition (μg·cm^-2)			地面沉积量 Ground deposition (μg·cm^-2)
试验号Number	作业距离 Operating distance, A (m)	牵引速度Traction speed, B (km·h^-1)	交互作用Interactive effect, A×B	高度/方向 Height/ direction, C/C’	叶片沉积量 Foliar deposition (μg·cm^-2)			地面沉积量 Ground deposition (μg·cm^-2)
1	(1) 0	(1) 2.48	1	(1) 上层/东Upper/east	0.150	0.336	0.294	0.295	0.176	0.124
2	0	(2) 4.10	2	(2) 中层/西Middle/west	0.130	0.160	0.123	0.180	0.095	0.159
3	0	(3) 5.98	3	(3) 下层/北Lower/north	0.096	0.085	0.042	0.160	0.062	0.066
4	(2) 0.5	2.48	2	下层/北Lower/north	0.246	0.109	0.271	0.332	0.100	0.234
5	0.5	4.10	3	上层/东Upper/east	0.064	0.191	0.198	0.034	0.366	0.185
6	0.5	5.98	1	中层/西Middle/west	0.093	0.171	0.070	0.148	0.142	0.115
7	(3) 1.0	2.48	3	中层/西Middle/west	0.097	0.114	0.161	0.274	0.073	0.242
8	1.0	4.10	1	下层/北Lower/north	0.201	0.151	0.157	0.152	0.069	0.155
9	1.0	5.98	2	上层/东Upper/east	0.100	0.098	0.079	0.144	0.140	0.109

		A	B	A×B	C
叶片沉积量 Foliar deposition	K₁	0.157	0.198	0.180	0.168
	K₂	0.157	0.153	0.146	0.124
	K₃	0.129	0.093	0.116	0.151
	R	0.029	0.105	0.064	0.043
	主次顺序Order	B>A×B>C>A
	最优组合Optimum combination	A₁₍₂₎B₁C₁
地面沉积量 Ground deposition	K₁	0.1463	0.2056	0.1529	0.1748
	K₂	0.1840	0.1550	0.1659	0.1587
	K₃	0.1509	0.1207	0.1624	0.1478
	R	0.0377	0.0849	0.0130	0.0270
	主次顺序Order	B>A>C’>A×B
	最优组合Optimum combination	A₁B₃C’₃

	来源 Source	平方和 Sum of squares	自由度 Degree of freedom	均方 Mean square	F 值 F value	显著性 Significance
叶片沉积量Foliar deposition	A	0.0049	2	0.0024	0.7617
	B	0.0499	2	0.0249	7.7926	**
	A×B	0.0184	2	0.0092	2.8751	(*)
	C	0.0086	2	0.0043	1.3493
	误差Error	0.0576	18	0.0032	0.0576
	总和Total	0.1394
地面沉积量Ground deposition	A	0.0076	2	0.0038	0.4988
	B	0.0328	2	0.0164	2.1519	[*]
	A×B	0.0008	2	0.0004	0.0535
	C	0.0033	2	0.0017	0.2178
	误差Error	0.1373	18	0.0076
	总和Total	0.1818

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