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Studies on Climate Change Impact on Crop and Animal Production from China PAN Gen-Xing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4397-4398.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.001 Abstract （318）      PDF （211KB）（501）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Tendency of Use Efficiency of Rice Growth Season in Southern China Under the Background of Global Warming YE Qing-12, YANG Xiao-Guang-2, JIE Wen-Juan-23, LI Yong-24, LIU Zi-Qi-2, DONG Chao-Yang-2, SUN Shuang-2 Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4399-4415.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.002 Abstract （411）      PDF （1420KB）（595）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Based on the analysis of the spatial and temporal patterns of the use efficiency of rice growth season in the rice production region of Southern China during 1951 to 2010, this study could provide a insight to improve rationally arrange rice production activities under global warming. 【Method】 In this study, classification method of cropping system referred to previous work was used to divide the rice production region of Southern China into 16 zones. And assuming the breed collocation is unchanged in different cropping systems, the ratio of the potential length of growing season to theoretical length and a ecometeorological simulation method of the rice growth period were used to evaluate the distribution characteristics and the evolution trend of the use efficiency of the rice growth period in sub regions under the background of climate change in the study area.【Result】In this study, ArcGIS was used to calculate the geographic distribution function of the potential growing season length from 1951 to 2010, and got the 10 km×10 km spatial distribution data of the rice growing season length in 80% guaranteed rate in southern rice area. Results show that the potential growth season length of rice increased first and then reduced under the background of climate change in Southern China, and increased greater in single rice planting regions compared with that in double rice planting regions. In addition, there was a decreasing trend in the theoretical growth season length in different cropping systems, and the shorten days in the single rice planting regions was more than the double rice planting regions. The extension of the potential growth season length and shortening of the theoretical growth season length result in the increasing trend of the use efficiency of the rice growth period.【Conclusion】The use efficiency of the rice growth period in Southern China has an increasing trend under the background of global warming. Arranging accommodative cropping system and increasing the multiple crop indexes are the main measures to increase the use efficiency of the rice growth period. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(7)

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Quantifying the Effects of Low Level of Radiation After Anthesis on Yield Components and Grain Quality of Weak Gluten Wheat GU Yun-Qian-1, LIU Xue-1, ZHANG Wei-1, QI Chun-Jie-1, TANG Kai-Lei-1, ZHAO Yang-1, ZHANG Yan-1, LI Gang-1, WANG Bin-1, ZHAO Chun-Jiang-2, ZHOU Jian-Min-3, LUO Wei-Hong-1 Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4416-4426.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.003 Abstract （357）      PDF （641KB）（545）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to develop a model for predicting the effects of low level of radiation on yield components and grain quality of wheat so as to quantitatively assess the impacts of low level of radiation on wheat crop production.【Method】Field experiments with weak gluten winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Yangmai 15) were conducted during three growing seasons. Shading treatments with three levels of radiation intensity (50%, 34% and 16% of natural radiation) and four durations (2 d, 4 d, 6 d and 8 d) after anthesis in the three growing seasons were designed to simulate the low level of radiation caused by cloudy or rainy weather conditions. Based on the experimental data, the impacts of low level of radiation on yield components and grain nitrogen accumulation, and their relations with grain quality traits were quantitatively analyzed and the corresponding functions were determined. These functions were then integrated into the simulation model of wheat crop biomass production and under low levels of radiation weather conditions developed in a previous study, to develop a dynamic model for predicting the effects of low level of radiation after anthesis on the yield components and grain quality of weak gluten wheat. Independent experimental data were used to validate the model.【Result】The critical daily total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and duration were determined for keeping normal levels of grain number per spike and grain nitrogen content based on the experimental data. Model validation results showed that the determination coefficient (R2) between the predicted and measured values of grain number per spike, thousand grain weight, test weight, falling number, protein content and wet gluten content were 0.89, 0.75, 0.72, 0.73, 0.93 and 0.84, respectively, and the corresponding relative root mean squared errors (rRMSE) were 2.86%, 3.41%, 1.01%, 2.50%, 2.64% and 5.05%, respectively.【Conclusion】The model developed in this study gave satisfactory predictions of the effects of low level of radiation after anthesis on yield components and grain quality of weak gluten wheat, hence, can be used for assessing the impacts of low level of radiation caused by cloudy or rainy weather conditions on weak gluten wheat production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Light on Yield and Characteristics of Grain-Filling of Summer Maize from Flowering to Maturity SHI Jian-Guo, CUI Hai-Yan, ZHAO Bin, DONG Shu-Ting, LIU Peng, ZHANG Ji-Wang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4427-4434.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.004 Abstract （411）      PDF （573KB）（674）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Owing to the solar radiation has decreased in North China Plain Area, this study is to explore the effects of light on yield and characteristics of grain-filling of summer maize from flowering to maturity stage.【Method】Denghai605 (DH605) was used as experimental material, two treatments of both shading (S) and increasing light (L) from flowering to maturity stage were arranged. The shading degree was 60% and the illumination intensity of the increasing light on cloudy day could reach 80 000- 100 000 lx. One non-shading and non-increasing light treatment was used as control. Effects of light on yield and characteristics of grain-filling of summer maize from flowering to maturity stage were investigated.【Result】Yield, dry matter accumulation, maximum grain-filling rate decreased with different degrees, respectively, after shading from flowering to maturity stage; however, the yield, dry matter accumulation, maximum grain-filling rate increased after increasing light from flowering to maturity stage. Compared to CK, the yields of S were reduced by 59.39% and 79.03% in 2011 and 2012, while the yields of L were increased by 16.29% and 12.93% in two years. The dry matter in response to different treatments showed: L＞CK＞S. The proportions of different treatments kernel in total dry matter accumulation of DH605 were significantly different during the late growing stage, and the mean values of S, CK and L were 22.92%, 48.49% and 51.80%, respectively. The grain-filling progress of shading and increasing light was obviously different. The maximum grain-filling rate of shading was lower than that of increasing light, and the days before the appearance of maximum grain-filling rate of shading lengthened, the growth increment when the grain-filling rate of increasing light reached its maximum increased. 【Conclusion】Shading decreased the yield of summer maize by reducing the dry matter accumulation and maximum grain-filling rate; increasing light increased grain yield of summer maize by improving the dry matter accumulation and maximum grain-filling rate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(23)

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Effect of Waterlogging on Grain Filling and Quality of Summer Maize REN Bai-Chao, ZHANG Ji-Wang, LI Xia, FAN Xia, DONG Shu-Ting, ZHAO Bin, LIU Peng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4435-4445.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.005 Abstract （464）      PDF （646KB）（970）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study is to investigate the effects of waterlogging on grain filling characteristics and quality of summer maize under field conditions.【Method】Two summer maize cultivars, Denghai605(DH605) and Zhengdan958(ZD958), were used as experimental materials. The field experiment was performed to explore the effects of waterlogging in different durations (3 and 6 days) on grain dry weight and volume, grain filling parameters, and grain quality of summer maize stalk at the three-leaf stage (V3), six-leaf stage (V6), and ten days after the tasseling stage (10VT).【Result】Results showed that the grain dry weight growth rate and grain filling parameters reduced significantly after waterlogging, and the decrease of two cultivars was the most in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 for 6 days. Days of maximum grain filling (Tmax), maximum grain filling (Gmax), weight of maximum grain filling rate (Wmax), and active grain filling period (P) of DH605 decreased by 25.18%, 18.44%, 48.21%, and 36.45%, while that of ZD958 decreased by 18.18%, 1.69%, 32.68% and 31.80%, respectively. Waterlogging increased barrenness, and decreased grain yield, kernel number per ear and 1000-grain weight, and the response to different waterlogging treatments showed: waterlogging at V3＞waterlogging at V6＞waterlogging at 10VT and waterlogging for 6 days＞waterlogging for 3 days. Waterlogging significantly decreased grain crude protein, total starch, grain total soluble sugar and sucrose content. The decrease of amylopectin and increase of amylase led to the decrease of their ratio; the decrease of grain crude fat content of two cultivars was the most in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 for 6 days, with 49.08% in DH605 and 33.08% in ZD958. 【Conclusion】 Waterlogging significantly reduced Gmax and Wmax, suppressed the grain-filling with decrease of accumulation grain dry matter, resulted in lower yields. Waterlogging decreased the grain soluble total sugar, sucrose and starch content. Grain protein content and the ratio of amylopectin and amylose significantly reduced after waterlogging, while the crude fat content increased significantly. It was most susceptible to be waterlogged at V3, followed by V6 and 10VT, and decreased with the increase of waterlogging duration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(17)

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Physiological Indicator of Cotton Plant in Recovery from Waterlogging Damage HU Jiang-Long, GUO Lin-Tao, WANG You-Hua, ZHOU Zhi-Guo Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4446-4453.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.006 Abstract （361）      PDF （655KB）（575）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study was to screen suitable evaluation indexes indicating the stress and recovery degree after waterlogging, which would provide a theoretical basis for taking appropriate cultivation measures to reduce the impact of flood disasters on cotton production.【Method】By using cotton cultivar Siza 3 as material and four waterlogging treatments were applied (0, 6, 9, 12 days, respectively), the experiment was carried out in Dafeng, Jiangsu province (120°28′E, 33°12′N). The 14 stress related physiological indexes of cotton functional leaf, such as photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activities, were evaluated by gray relational grade analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis.【Result】The results indicated that each of the 14 stress related physiological traits, had significant difference under different stress levels or at different recovery stages after waterlogging, and significant difference was also observed in the correlation degree between the indexes and the recover level. The relative correlation degree of the stress related physiological indexes and the stress level at different recovery stages were very similar, indicating that the 14 indexes could be grouped by the correlation degree and those indexes presented higher correlation degree with stress level could be used as key physiological indexes to indicate the stress or recovery level in cotton plant after waterlogging. The traits with higher correlation degree to recovery index were Pn(0.8105) and MDA(0.7717), which presented lower variation than others. They were ranked the first category according to hierarchical cluster analysis.【Conclusion】With the data in this research, it was concluded that Pn and MDA content could be used as key physiological indexes in evaluating the stress and recovery degree after waterlogging. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(6)

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Influence of Meteorological Factors on Soil Moisture Dynamics of Upland Soil in Taihu Lake Region ZHANG Cong-Cong, CHEN Xiao-Min, ZHANG Yong, QIU Jin-Si, YU Xiao, PAN Gen-Xing, ZHANG Xu-Hui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4454-4463.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.007 Abstract （461）      PDF （622KB）（516）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The purpose of this study is to integrate and then select the main meteorological factors of soil moisture by analyzing the effects of meteorological factors on soil moisture in dry farmland, and to provide a scientific basis for water management under the climate change conditions. 【Method】 The monitoring data (including the daily meteorological data and the soil moisture data) of drought crop growing season on the field experimental platform were extracted, and analyzed by using the correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and path analysis methods. The direct path coefficient, indirect path coefficient and determination coefficient between meteorological factors and soil moisture were calculated. 【Result】 The soil moisture of experimental base was highly positively correlated with daily precipitation and daily maximum air humidity, and was extremely negatively correlated with daily evaporation, sunshine duration and average wind speed (The correlation coefficients were 0.648, 0.371, -0.566, -0.454 and -0.331, respectively), but no significant correlation was observed between the soil moisture and the daily maximum air temperature. The path analysis showed that the decreasing influence sequence of meteorological factors on soil moisture was as follows: daily precipitation, average wind speed, sunshine duration, daily evaporation, daily mean air humidity, daily minimum air temperature, daily minimum air humidity, daily maximum air temperature, daily maximum air humidity and daily mean temperature, and that the daily precipitation had the largest comprehensive influencing ability on soil moisture. The multiple regression function between soil moisture and meteorological factors was Y=10.17+0.386X4 +1.095X7-0.509X8-0.766X9-0.345X10, reached a significant level (R2 = 0.912, P＜0.01). 【Conclusion】The effect of meteorological factors on controlling the soil moisture of upland soil in Taihu Lake plain was obvious, and the daily precipitation was the most important factor. The established multiple regression models could be used to forecast the changes of soil moisture in upland soil when some or all of the meteorological factors vary, but it needs to be further validated with longer-term monitoring data. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(3)

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Effects of Elevated CO2 Concentration on Development, Reproduction and Food Utilization of the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) LI Bao-Ping, GUO Qing, MENG Ling Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4464-4470.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.008 Abstract （382）      PDF （487KB）（619）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 This study was designed to reveal the potential influence of CO2 enrichment on life history of the rice leaf-folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), with the goal of providing data for projecting its trend under the climate change. 【Method】 Two levels of CO2 concentration-ambient (390 μL•L-1) and doubling (780 μL•L-1) were manipulated in incubators, where rice plants were grown for feeding larvae. Developmental and reproductive performances were examined, and food consumption and nutritional utilization indices were measured for the 4th instar larva. 【Result】The doubling CO2 treatment significantly influenced body weight of larvae till 5th instar, pupal time and body weight, but did not influence larval time and pupation rate. The body weight of the final instar (5th) larva decreased by 16.1%, pupal duration by 28.7%, and pupal weight by 9.9%, under the elevated CO2 as opposed to the ambient CO2. The CO2 elevation did not affect sex ratio and fecundity, but significantly influenced the larva-to-adult emergence survival and egg hatching. The larva-to-adult emergence survival rate decreased by 44.0% and the egg hatching rate reduced by 26.8% under the elevated CO2 as compared to the ambient CO2. The trial of the 4th instar larva showed significant effects of elevated CO2 on food consumption and utilization. The food consumption increased but the relative consumption rate was not changed by the elevated CO2. The relative growth rate increased by 21.2% and the approximate digestibility increased by 15.7%, but the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance decreased by 24.8% and the efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance decreased by 37.1%. 【Conclusion】 The CO2 enrichment may have negative effects on life history traits of C. medinalis, but the population dynamics of insect is complex and other effect such as temperature should be considered. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of CO2 Concentration and Pesticide Resistance on Penetration Behaviors in Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) LIU Jing, WU Shan-Shan, MENG Ling, LI Bao-Ping Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4471-4477.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.009 Abstract （375）      PDF （666KB）（829）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was designed to clarify if the CO2 enrichment influences the feeding behaviors of Nilaparvata lugens and if there are differences in feeding behaviors between the planthopper varied in pesticide-resistance, which would provide data for an assessment of the virulence to rice plant of pesticide resistant N. lugens under the climate change. 【Method】Using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique stylet penetration behaviors were recorded to evaluate the performances of buprofezin-susceptible and -resistant strains (a 480-fold difference in resistance) on rice leaves under either ambient (390 μL•L-1) or elevated CO2 concentration (780 μL•L-1). Two-way ANOVAs were used to test the effects of CO2 and pesticide resistance on the six waveforms associated with the plant penetration activities in the total time and frequency. 【Result】N. lugens exhibited a tendency to shorten the phloem sap ingestion duration under the CO2 elevation, and the buprofezin-resistant N. lugens decreased the frequency of the penetration initiation under the elevated CO2 concentration (780 μL•L-1) as opposed to the ambient CO2 (390 μL•L-1). In comparison with the buprofezin-susceptible insect, the buprofezin-resistant spent more time for the salvation plus penetration movement and the stylet activity in xylem region, increased the frequency of the intracellular activity in phloem region, but decreased the frequency of the phloem sap ingestion and the stylet activity in xylem region. 【Conclusion】 The buprofezin-resistant N. lugens can be stronger in virulence to rice than the buprofezin-susceptible. The CO2 enrichment may slightly minimize the virulence of the buprofezin-susceptible N. lugens but have no obvious effects on the virulence of the buprofezin-resistant N. lugens. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Heat Stress on Rumen Epithelial Cell Barrier Permeability in Dairy Goat MA Yan-Fen-1, CHEN Qi-2, DU Rui-Ping-1, GAO Min-1 Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4478-4485.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.010 Abstract （508）      PDF （767KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Effect of heat stress on rumen epithelial cell barrier permeability in dairy goat were studied in order to provide a rational and experimental basis for animals in hot environments to maintain normal physiological function and to explore methods of resistance to heat stress. 【Method】Effect of heat stress on the concentration of D- lactic acid, DAO, endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines of blood serum, and the expression of tight junction protein occludin were studied with mid- or late-lactation dairy goats by molecular biology method in this project. 【Result】 Heat stress significantly increased the concentration of D- lactic acid, DAO of blood serum. Heat stress significantly increased the concentration of endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-1β and interferon-γ. Heat stress damaged the tight junction structure between rumen epithelial, and significantly reduced the proteins expression and mRNA expression of occludin protein in tight junction. 【Conclusion】 The mechanisms of the damage of rumen mucous membrane barrier function, the increase of rumen mucous membrane permeability and the occurrence of bacterial translocation by heat stress may be due to the declined expression of tight junction protein occludin mRNA. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(4)

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Effect of Heat Stress on Dairy Goat Performance and Rumen Epithelial Cell Morphology MA Yan-Fen, DU Rui-Ping, GAO Min Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2013, 46 (21): 4486-4495.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2013.21.011 Abstract （578）      PDF （685KB）（607）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Effect of heat stress on dairy goat production performance and rumen epithelial cell morphology were studied in order to provide a rational and experimental basis for animals in hot environments to maintain normal physiological function and to explore methods of resistance to heat stress. 【Method】 The animal modes were estabished when temperature and humidity index ＞72 (THI＞72) of early, medium and evening for a week. The effect of heat stress on rumen fermentation pattern, digestion and metabolism of nutritive materials, performance, morphology and structure of rumen epithelial cell were studied with mid- and late-lactation dairy goats by animal nutrition methods in this project. 【Result】 The results showed that THI of test sheep was between 72 and 87 during the tests, and in the mild and high heat stress, which showed dairy goat in continuous heat stress state during the whole experiment period. Heat stress significantly increased rectal temperature and respiration rate (P＜0.01), significantly reduced DM, CP, OM, NDF and ADF digestibility (P＜0.01), dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy goats (P＜0.01 ), and significantly reduced dairy goat milk protein and milk fat content (P＜0.05), but the effect on lactose content was not significant (P＞0.05). Heat stress significantly decreased pH value, NH3-N concentration and TVFAs concentration (P＜0.05) at each time point in a day. Compared with the control group, rumen fluid of dairy goat was found gruel shape and strongly sour flavor, and the rumen mucosa nipples showed a wide range of necrotic and fall off when in heat stress for 30 days, and the situations of mucosa papillary necrosis and fall off were more serious when in heat stress for 45 days. This showed that heat stress caused a certain degree injury to the animal rumen mucosa. In the heat stress for 30 days and 45 days, the length and width of rumen dorsal sac and ventral sacs villus were shorter than that of control group (P＜0.05), and with the prolonged heat stress, the length and width of rumen dorsal sac and ventral sac villus were shortened more short (P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】Heat stress can significantly improve rectal temperature and respiration rate, significantly reduce dietary nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters, dry matter intake, milk quality and performance of the dairy goat. Heat stress can damage morphology of rumen epithelial cell, make the mucosal villi atrophy, shed and even necrosis, which increase permeability of the rumen epithelial cell. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Cited: Baidu(5)

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