Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (10): 2123-2137.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.10.005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Regulatory Mechanisms of Spring Nitrogen Topdressing on Yield Components and Photosynthetic Resource Utilization in Winter Wheat

WANG YuanYuan1(), WANG Qi1, MU JunYi1, MI DongMing1, XIE XiaoTing1, HA QiQi1, ZHOU Peng1, REN AiXia1, SUN Min2, GAO ZhiQiang1,2()   

  1. 1 College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
    2 Functional Agriculture Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi
  • Received:2025-10-16 Accepted:2026-04-17 Online:2026-05-16 Published:2026-05-20
  • Contact: GAO ZhiQiang

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Abstract:

【Objective】To clarify the precise management of water and fertilizer based on spring growth stages, and to reveal the mechanism of optimizing yield components through efficient light energy utilization, thereby contributing to the increase in grain yield of winter wheat.【Method】The field experiment was conducted at the TaiGu Winter Wheat Experimental Station in Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, from 2021 to 2023. A split-plot design was adopted, with two spring nitrogen top-dressing rates (90 kg·hm-2, N90; 120 kg·hm-2, N120) as main plots, and four top-dressing times after regreening (10 d, 20 d, 30 d, and 40 d) as sub-plots. Through systematic surveys of tillering dynamics and measurements of canopy photosynthetic active radiation interception, combined with the fitting of the grain-filling process using the Richards model, we systematically analyzed the effects of different nitrogen topdressing treatments on the winter wheat population structure, canopy light distribution, and grain-filling characteristics. Correlation analysis was conducted to clarify the intrinsic relationships among population photosynthetic performance, tillering dynamics, and yield components.【Result】Compared with other treatments, applying 120 kg·hm-2 of nitrogen at 30 days after regreening reduced the peak tiller number, delayed the occurrence of the tillering peak, and decreased the tiller senescence rate by 28%-43%. It also decreased the number of ineffective tillers (50-70 days after regreening) by 15%-30%, thereby significantly increasing the tiller-to-spike ratio by 10%-23%. Significantly increased the canopy PAR interception rate and extinction coefficient during the anthesis and mid-grain-filling stages, while significantly reducing the decline rate of lower-layer PAR interception during the anthesis-to-grain-filling period. Significantly increased the theoretical maximum 1000-grain weight, initial filling potential, average and maximum grain-filling rates, the time to reach maximum grain-filling rate, the duration of the gradual-increasing phase, and the grain-filling rates during the rapid-increasing and slow-increasing phases; significantly increased spike length by 3%-10%, spike weight by 8%-14%, and seed setting rate by 2%-12%.Significantly increased the number of spikes by 4%-10%, the number of grains per spike by 3%-10%, and the 1000-grain weight by 5%-10%, resulting in an increase in grain yield of 7%-20%.The Population Photosynthetic Potential during the booting-anthesis period showed a significant positive correlation with the tiller number at 45-70 days after regreening; meanwhile, the tiller number at 45-70 days after regreening was significantly and positively correlated with the spike number at maturity.The radiation interception rate in the lower layer of the canopy at the mid-grain-filling stage showed a significant positive correlation with the tiller number at 50-55 days after regreening; meanwhile, the tiller number at 50-55 days after regreening was significantly and positively correlated with the number of grains per spike. The PAR interception rate in the canopy at anthesis and mid-grain-filling stages showed a positive correlation with the tiller number at 50-55 days after regreening; meanwhile, the population photosynthetic potential during the booting-anthesis period was significantly and positively correlated with the tiller number at 50-55 days after regreening, and the tiller number at 50-55 days after regreening was significantly and positively correlated with the 1000-grain weight.【Conclusion】Application of 120 kg·hm-2 nitrogen topdressing 30 days after regreening achieved a synergistic improvement in the number of effective spikes, grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight, thereby significantly increasing grain yield. This was realized by suppressing and delaying the tillering peak, optimizing the post-anthesis canopy light distribution, and enhancing the grain-filling process. Furthermore, correlation analysis further confirmed that the population photosynthetic potential before anthesis and the canopy photosynthetic performance after anthesis, by influencing spikelet formation and grain filling, jointly determined the final grain yield. This study provides a critical nitrogen management strategy for achieving high-yield and efficient cultivation of winter wheat in the irrigation area of the Loess Plateau by improving the population photosynthetic efficiency through integrated water and fertilizer management.

Key words: winter wheat, spring nitrogen topdressing, tiller-to-spike ratio, yield and its components, fertilization based on tiller number

Table 1

Basic soil properties at the experimental sites before sowing (0-20 cm)"

年份
Year		 有机质
Organic matter (g·kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg·kg-1)		 有效磷
Available phosphorus (mg·kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg·kg-1)
2021—2022 12.55 41.67 13.64 201.35
2022—2023 12.76 42.25 14.46 205.70

Fig. 1

Precipitation and daily mean temperature at different growth stages of winter wheat (2021-2023) The growth stages of winter wheat during the experimental years were as follows: regreening, jointing, booting, heading, and maturity occurred on March 8, April 1, May 5, May 18, and June 18 in 2021-2022, respectively; and on March 1, March 25, May 1, May 15, and June 22 in 2022-2023, respectively"

Table 2

Spring nitrogen topdressing dates at the experimental sites"

年份
Year		 返青期（月-日）
Regreening (Month-Day)		 拔节期（月-日）
Jointing (Month-Day)		 追肥时间Topdressing date
D10（月-日）
(Month-Day)		 D20（月-日）
(Month-Day)		 D30（月-日）
(Month-Day)		 D40（月-日）
(Month-Day)
2021—2022 03-08 04-01 03-18 03-28 04-07 04-17
2022—2023 03-01 03-25 03-11 03-21 03-31 04-10

Table 3

Correspondence of topdressing time treatment to leaf age and main growth stage"

处理
Treatment		 返青后天数
Days after regreening		 对应主茎叶龄范围
Corresponding main stem leaf age range		 对应生育时期范围
Corresponding growth stage
D10 10 春生第1—2叶展开
Elongation of the 1st to 2nd spring leaves		 返青期-起身初期
Regreening to early erecting stage
D20 20 春生第3—4叶展开
Elongation of the 3rd to 4th spring leaves		 起身后期-拔节初期
Late erecting to early jointing stage
D30 30 春生第5—6叶展开
Elongation of the 5th to 6th spring leaves		 拔节中期-孕穗初期
Mid jointing to early booting stage
D40 40 旗叶展开前后Around flag leaf elongation 孕穗期Booting stage

Fig. 2

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on the dynamics of tiller number in winter wheat populations (2021-2023) The intersection points of the dashed lines with the horizontal axis indicate the actual dates of nitrogen top-dressing. In the 2021—2022 season, the jointing, booting, and heading stages corresponded to the 23, 57 and 69 days after green-up,respectively; Whereas in the 2022—2023 season, these stages occurred on the 24, 56, and 70 days after green-up, respectively. D10, D20, D30,and D40 represent the nitrogen top-dressing treatments applied 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after green-up in this experiment, respectively. The same as below"

Fig. 3

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on the rate of change in tiller number of winter wheat populations (2021-2023)"

Fig. 4

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on the tiller-to-spike ratio in winter wheat (2021-2023) Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments at P<0.05. The same as below"

Fig. 5

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on pre-anthesis leaf area index and population photosynthetic potential in winter wheat (2021-2023) JS, BS, and AS correspond to the jointing, booting, and heading stage, respectively"

Fig. 6

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on spike morphological traits in winter wheat at maturity (2021-2022)"

Fig. 7

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on effective radiation interception by the canopy in winter wheat after anthesis (2022-2023)"

Fig. 8

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on the decline in effective radiation interception by the canopy in winter wheat after anthesis (2022-2023) AS: Anthesis stage; MG: Milk grain stage"

Fig. 9

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on grain filling parameters in winter wheat (2022-2023)"

Fig. 10

Effect of spring nitrogen fertilization on grain filling characteristics in winter wheat (2022-2023) T1, T2, and T3 represent the durations of the slow, rapid, and decelerating grain filling stages, respectively; whereas R1, R2, and R3 represent the corresponding filling rates during these periods"

Table 4

Effect of spring nitrogen application on winter wheat yield and its components (2021-2023)"

年份
Year		 追氮量
Nitrogen application (kg·hm-2)		 追氮时间
Time of application		 穗数
Spikes
(×104·hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 产量
Yield
(kg·hm-2)
2021—2022 N90 D10 618.76±3.25f 41.61±1.10cd 30.80±0.02c 7155.39±59.88g
D20 624.76±4.00e 42.50±0.50bcd 31.18±0.92c 7417.15±8.11e
D30 637.51±2.25c 43.50±0.90abc 32.99±0.22abc 7622.16±13.10d
D40 595.51±0.75g 40.76±0.20d 31.98±0.65bc 6377.21±22.01h
N120 D10 629.26±1.25d 43.02±0.35abcd 32.35±0.78bc 7671.57±3.69c
D20 642.51±2.75b 44.77±0.43ab 33.24±1.10abc 8399.89±15.48b
D30 658.76±0.50a 45.42±2.84a 35.03±0.99a 8927.93±21.66a
D40 616.26±2.25f 42.68±0.84bcd 33.93±0.01ab 7236.95±8.58f
2022—2023 N90 D10 609.01±1.50d 38.98±0.63e 31.04±0.40e 6939.93±19.74g
D20 622.36±1.35c 39.02±0.67e 32.09±0.45e 7507.37±80.28e
D30 638.51±2.00ab 43.51±0.52bc 34.64±0.35bc 7957.89±46.99c
D40 575.51±1.15f 41.69±0.71d 33.03±0.46d 6778.27±34.14h
N120 D10 628.51±1.00bc 43.07±0.39c 32.29±0.55c 7770.68±47.35d
D20 616.51±4.50cd 44.10±0.34b 33.04±0.55b 8216.44±36.68h
D30 643.51±2.00a 46.62±0.12a 34.89±0.60a 8897.26±74.13a
D40 593.76±2.75e 45.98±0.52a 33.52±0.32a 7313.08±72.50f

Fig. 11

Analysis of driving factors regulating yield components in winter wheat PTN represents the population tiller number, with the following numbers indicating days after green-up; PTM represents spike morphological traits at maturity, including spike length, spike weight, fertile spikelet number, and seed setting rate; GF represents grain filling parameters, comprising the initial filling potential, average filling rate, durations of the slow, rapid, and decelerating filling stages, as well as the corresponding stage filling rates; Pref1 and Pref2 represent the population photosynthetic potential during the jointing-to-booting and booting-to-heading periods, respectively; Postf1-6 represent post-anthesis effective radiation interception parameters, specifically the upper, lower, and total canopy effective radiation interception rates at anthesis and milk grain stages; SN, KSP, and KGW represent spike number, grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight, respectively; GY indicates grain yield"

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doi: 10.9755/ejfa.
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