75种植物乙醇提取物对两种土传病原菌的抑制活性

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.02.008

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Soil-borne disease has become a prevalent and intractable issue in current agricultural production, while the existing chemical control agents often lead to pesticide residues and phytotoxicity to crops. In contrast, botanical fungicides possess distinct advantages, including broad-spectrum inhibitory activity, environmental friendliness, as well as easy metabolism and degradation in the ecosystem. This study aimed to target two typical soil-borne pathogens (Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum), determine the inhibitory activities of extracts from 75 tested plants, and to screen out plant resources with high activity, thereby laying a foundation for the development of novel botanical fungicides. 【Method】 The growth rate method was employed to determine the inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts of 75 kinds of plants against P. capsici and F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The pot efficacy of the screened high-activity extracts against pepper phytophthora disease and watermelon fusarium wilt was determined by means of the root irrigation and the root injury method. 【Result】 The mycelial inhibition rates of five ethanol extracts of Magnolia officinalis, Notopterygium incisum, Syringa pinnatifolia, Platycladus orientalis and Ilex chinensis against P. capsici were over 60% at the concentration of 1 mg·mL^-1. The inhibition rates of 11 other ethanol extracts, including Rubia cordifolia and Lindera aggregata, ranged from 30% to 60%, while the remaining 59 extracts showed no significant inhibitory activity. Among them, the ethanol extract of M. officinalis had the highest toxicity against P. capsici, with EC₅₀ of 0.023 mg·mL^-1. The mycelial inhibition rates of three ethanol extracts of M. officinalis, Ligusticum chuanxiong and Curcuma longa against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum were over 60% at the concentration of 1 mg·mL^-1. The inhibition rates of 12 other ethanol extracts, such as Alpinia officinarum and S. pinnatifolia, were between 30% and 60%, and the remaining 60 extracts displayed no significant inhibitory activity. Among them, the ethanol extract of C. longa had the highest toxicity against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, with EC₅₀ of 0.606 mg·mL^-1. Pot efficacy results showed that the ethanol extract of M. officinalis exhibited high protective and curative efficacy against pepper phytophthora disease at the concentration of 8 mg·mL^-1, with efficacy rates of 64.74% and 63.25%, respectively. The ethanol extract of S. pinnatifolia showed high curative efficacy against pepper phytophthora disease at the concentration of 8 mg·mL^-1, with efficacy rate of 63.14%. However, the efficacy of both extracts was lower than the control fungicide shenqinmycin (protective efficacy: 81.05%; curative efficacy: 73.72%). The ethanol extract of C. longa showed high protective efficacy against watermelon fusarium wilt at the concentration of 8 mg·mL^-1, with efficacy rate of 69.94%, which was comparable to the control fungicide carbendazim (66.65%). When applied at 2 mg·mL^-1, this extract demonstrated a high curative efficacy against watermelon fusarium wilt, with efficacy rate of 78.08%, which was better than the control fungicide carbendazim (62.42%). In contrast, the efficacy of A. officinarum ethanol extract against watermelon fusarium wilt was less than 50% at all tested concentrations. 【Conclusion】 Ethanol extracts from S. pinnatifolia, C. longa, and M. officinalis exhibit potent inhibitory activities against soil-borne pathogens, which provides a scientific basis for the subsequent development of new botanical fungicides.

Key words: plant extract, Phytophthora capsici, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, antifungal activity, control efficacy, botanical fungicide

HOU PuXing, WANG Yong, FENG JunTao, MA ZhiQing, WU Hua. Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extracts from 75 Plants Against Two Soil-Borne Pathogens[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 322-335.

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Table 1

Inhibitory activity of 75 plant ethanol extracts against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum and P. capsici"

科名 Family	供试植物 Tested plant	供试部位 Tested part	抑制率Inhibition rate (%)
科名 Family	供试植物 Tested plant	供试部位 Tested part	西瓜枯萎病菌 F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum (7 d)	辣椒疫霉 P. capsici (5 d)
伞形科Umbelliferae	川芎Ligusticum chuanxiong	根茎Rhizome	74.69±1.22	58.09±1.12
	羌活Notopterygium incisum	根Root	51.65±0.76	70.34±0.25
	小茴香Foeniculi fructus	全草The whole	4.59±0.85	8.82±0
姜科Zingiberaceae	姜黄Curcuma longa	根茎Rhizome	60.10±0.34	57.35±0
姜科Zingiberaceae	高良姜Alpinia officinarum	根茎Rhizome	48.51±0.75	57.58±0.54
木兰科Magnoliaceae	厚朴Magnolia officinalis	树皮Bark	78.26±0.13	95.59±0
木兰科Magnoliaceae	地枫皮Illicium difengpi	树皮Bark	0.95±0.95	19.54±0.24
木犀科Oleaceae	山沉香Syringa pinnatifolia	根茎Rhizome	47.72±0.82	64.42±1.77
樟科Lauraceae	乌药Lindera aggregata	根Root	44.69±3.61	58.98±2.69
冬青科Aquifoliaceae	冬青Ilex chinensis	叶Leaf	47.27±0.01	67.50±0.68
唇形科Lamiaceae	广藿香Pogostemon cablin	全草The whole	39.87±2.26	54.41±0
	益母草Leonurus artemisia	全草The whole	0	0
	荆芥Nepeta cataria	全草The whole	1.43±1.43	1.29±0.25
	黄芩Scutellaria baicalensis	根Root	43.97±1.59	23.53±0
豆科Leguminosae	黄芪Astragalus membranaceus	根Root	4.85±0.64	8.82±0
	腊肠果Cassia fistula	果实Fruit	0	7.86±1.91
	决明子Cassiae Semen	种子Seed	30.61±0.76	1.29±0.25
	苦马豆Sphaerophysa salsula	果实、叶Fruit, leaf	14.54±1.98	0
	大托叶云实Caesalpinia crista	种子Seed	0	0
	鸡血藤Spatholobi caulis	根茎Rhizome	24.06±1.75	9.67±1.06
菊科Asteraceae	漏芦Rhaponticum uniflorum	根茎Rhizome	0	5.55±0.73
	墨旱莲Eclipta prostrata	全草The whole	1.43±1.43	1.29±0.25
	千里光Senecio scandens	全草The whole	2.95±2.65	6.04±1.30
	小白蒿Artemisia frigida	全草The whole	10.13±1.68	0
柏科Cupressaceae	侧柏PLatycladus orientalis	叶Leaf	35.54±0.43	63.24±0
堇菜科Violaceae	紫花地丁Viola yedoensis	全草The whole	6.39±0.63	8.82±0
萝藦科Asclepiadaceae	白前Cynanchum glaucescens	根茎Rhizome	3.83±0.75	8.82±0
萝藦科Asclepiadaceae	徐长卿Cynanchum paniculatum	根茎Rhizome	26.34±0.86	30.64±0.24
马鞭草科Verbenaceae	蔓荆子Vitex trifolia	果实Fruit	38.16±3.10	45.24±2.11
	马鞭草Verbena officinalis	全草The whole	1.81±1.81	0
	海州常山Clerodendron trichotomum	叶Leaf	2.96±2.32	0
毛茛科Ranunculaceae	升麻Cimicifuga foetida	根茎Rhizome	22.99±0.49	31.48±0.92
	威灵仙Clematis chinensis	根茎Rhizome	14.62±1.58	22.84±0.81
	泽兰Eupatorium japonicum	全草The whole	1.43±1.43	1.29±0.25
	黑顺片Aconitum carmichaeli	根Root	3.83±0.75	8.82±0
	白头翁Pulsatilla chinensis	根Root	10.84±3.11	3.75±0.21
	天葵子Semiaquilegia adoxoides	根Root	0	0
爵床科Acanthaceae	穿心莲Andrographis paniculata	全草The whole	22.82±0.95	50.39±0.97
茜草科Rubiaceae	茜草Rubia cordifolia	根茎Rhizome	35.03±1.11	51.93±0.22
茜草科Rubiaceae	白花蛇舌草Hedyotis diffusa	全草The whole	3.32±0.65	7.35±0
鳞毛蕨科Dryopteridaceae	绵马贯众Dryopteris crassirhizoma	根茎Rhizome	3.83±0.75	19.12±0
兰科Orchidaceae	白及Bletilla striata	块茎Tuber	4.62±0.49	47.46±1.99
天南星科Araceae	千年健Homalomena occulta	根茎Rhizome	3.32±0.65	7.35±0
天南星科Araceae	姜水半夏Rhizoma typhonii flagelliformis	根茎Rhizome	0.72±1.31	0
芸香科Rutaceae	佛手Citrus medica	果实Fruit	4.08±0.99	8.82±0
芸香科Rutaceae	吴茱萸Evodia rutaecarpa	果实Fruit	37.34±0.50	15.68±1.58
龙胆科Gentianaceae	龙胆Gentiana scabra	根茎Rhizome	5.37±0.42	7.35±0
龙胆科Gentianaceae	秦艽花Gentiana straminea	全草The whole	0	2.32±0.21
蚌壳蕨科Dicksoniaceae	狗脊Cibotium barometz	根茎Rhizome	5.36±1.30	8.82±0
商陆科Phytolaccaceae	商陆Phytolacca acinosa	根Root	4.85±0.64	14.71±0
川续断科Dipsacaceae	蓝盆花Scabiosa comosa	全草The whole	0	0
藜科Chenopodiaceae	地肤子Kochia scoparia	果实Fruit	1.43±1.43	1.29±0.25
三白草科Saururaceae	鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata	全草The whole	1.43±1.43	16.45±0.24
百合科Liliaceae	土茯苓Smilax glabra	根茎Rhizome	20.39±1.54	8.20±0.87
百合科Liliaceae	黄精Polygonatum sibiricum	根茎Rhizome	2.17±1.26	0
蓼科Polygonaceae	大黄Rheum palmatum	根茎Rhizome	8.38±1.89	27.49±1.33
蓼科Polygonaceae	萹蓄Polygonum aviculare	全草The whole	2.44±1.51	0
茄科Solanaceae	千年不烂心Solanum dulcamara	全草The whole	14.22±1.85	8.03±0.62
茄科Solanaceae	龙葵Solanum nigrum	全草The whole	4.89±2.57	0
使君子科Combretaceae	使君子Quisqualis indica	种子Seed	23.42±1.92	0
马齿苋科Portulacaceae	马齿苋Portulaca oleracea	全草The whole	0	0
锦葵科Malvaceae	木槿Hibiscus syriacus	叶Leaf	0	0
桑科Moraceae	构树Broussonetia papyrifera	叶Leaf	5.83±0.69	0
桑科Moraceae	葎草Humulus scandens	全草The whole	3.25±1.30	0
漆树科Anacardiaceae	盐肤木Rhus chinensis	叶Leaf	15.94±3.59	0
	黄连木Pistacia chinensis	叶Leaf	16.57±3.35	0
	广枣Choerospondias axillaris	果实Fruit	0	0
大戟科Euphorbiaceae	乌桕Sapium sebiferum	叶Leaf	13.90±2.12	0
蔷薇科Rosaceae	郁李Cerasus japonica	种子Seed	0	0
石竹科Caryophyllaceae	瞿麦Dianthus superbus	全草The whole	0	0
罂粟科Papaveraceae	秃疮花Dicranostigma leptopodum	茎、花Stem, flower	0	0
锁阳科Cynomoriaceae	锁阳Cynomorium songaricum	茎Stem	0	0
玄参科Scrophulariaceae	齿叶草Odontites serotina	全草The whole	0	0
桔梗科Campanulaceae	半边莲Lobelia chinensis	全草The whole	5.36±0.74	5.88±0
葫芦科Cucurbitaceae	绞股蓝Gynostemma pentaphyllum	全草The whole	4.85±0.64	10.29±0

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 5

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

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供试植物 Tested plant	毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation (y=)	抑制中浓度 EC₅₀(mg·mL^-1)	95%置信区间 95% CI (mg·mL^-1)	卡方值 Chrisquare value (χ²)	决定系数 R²
山沉香S. pinnatifolia	1.107x-3.341	1.045	0.894-1.257	5.021	0.975
高良姜A. officinarum	1.673x-4.749	0.690	0.573-0.871	7.780	0.921
姜黄C. longa	1.607x-4.473	0.606	0.505-0.758	7.620	0.942
多菌灵（阳性对照） Carbendazim (Positive control)	5.949x-0.475	0.0012	0.0011-0.0013	1.840	0.989

供试植物 Tested plant	毒力回归方程 Toxicity regression equation (y=)	抑制中浓度 EC₅₀(mg·mL^-1)	95%置信区间 95% CI (mg·mL^-1)	卡方值 Chrisquare value (χ²)	决定系数 R²
厚朴M. officinalis	2.265x-3.091	0.023	0.014-0.032	0.696	0.990
山沉香S. pinnatifolia	1.298x-3.589	0.582	0.519-0.659	1.232	0.987
申嗪霉素（阳性对照） Shenqinmycin (Positive control)	4.570x-9.560	0.124	0.115-0.132	7.664	0.982

供试植物 Tested plant	浓度 Concentration (mg·mL^-1)	保护作用Protective effect		治疗作用Curative effect
供试植物 Tested plant	浓度 Concentration (mg·mL^-1)	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Efficacy (%)	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Efficacy (%)
CK	—	82.22±2.22a	—	84.45±2.22a	—
申嗪霉素Shenqinmycin	1	15.55±0.22f	81.05±0.68a	22.22±2.22f	73.72±2.31a
厚朴 M. officinalis	0.5	46.67±1.93c	43.27±1.30d	53.33±1.93c	36.86±1.16d
	2	35.55±2.22de	56.84±1.49c	51.11±1.11c	39.42±1.47d
	8	28.89±2.22e	64.74±3.29b	31.11±2.22e	63.25±1.71b
山沉香 S. pinnatifolia	0.5	62.22±2.22b	24.36±0.64e	68.89±2.22b	18.38±2.38e
	2	40.00±3.33d	47.74±1.56d	37.78±2.22d	55.35±1.50c
	8	37.78±2.22d	54.06±2.41c	31.11±1.11e	63.14±1.15b

供试植物 Tested plant	浓度 Concentration (mg·mL^-1)	保护作用Protective effect		治疗作用Curative effect
供试植物 Tested plant	浓度 Concentration (mg·mL^-1)	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Efficacy (%)	病情指数 Disease index	防治效果 Efficacy (%)
CK	—	83.34±1.67a	—	88.89±2.00a	—
多菌灵Carbendazim	1	27.78±1.55g	66.65±0.67a	33.33±1.96e	62.42±1.83c
姜黄 C. longa	0.5	38.89±0.99e	53.31±1.35c	25.00±1.88f	71.83±1.37b
	2	33.33±1.15f	59.97±1.62b	19.44±1.44g	78.08±1.01a
	8	25.00±0.96g	69.94±1.68a	44.45±2.22d	50.06±1.47d
高良姜 A. officinarum	0.5	44.44±2.00c	46.72±1.37d	55.56±2.00c	37.53±0.86e
	2	41.66±0.88de	49.94±1.9cd	69.44±1.56b	21.82±1.18f
	8	63.89±0.59b	23.25±2.08e	86.11±1.56a	3.05±1.61g

Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extracts from 75 Plants Against Two Soil-Borne Pathogens

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