施氮量和种植密度对两冬小麦品种抗倒性能和籽粒产量的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.15.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 To investigate the interactions between genotype, nitrogen application rate and planting density on the regulation of wheat lodging resistance and grain yield, so as to identify the optimal combination of nitrogen-density that matches the biological characteristics of varieties. The results provide theoretical basis and technical support for stable and abundant winter wheat yield and resistant strain cultivation. 【Method】 A split-split plot field experiment was conducted in Jiaozuo, Henan Province, China, for two consecutive years from 2020 to 2022. Two wheat varieties Xinhuamai 818 and Xinmai 26 with different lodging resistance were selected in the main plots. The nitrogen fertilizer application rates were used as split-plots, and five levels were set: no N application (N0), 180 kg·hm^-2 (N1), 240 kg·hm^-2 (N2), 300 kg·hm^-2 (N3) and 360 kg·hm^-2 (N4), the planting densities were used as split-split plots, and three levels were set: 2.25 million plants/hm² (D1), 3.75 million plants/hm² (D2) and 5.25 million plants/hm² (D3). The study focused on analyzing the effects of the three-factor combination of variety, nitrogen application and planting density on the anatomical structure of wheat culms, field lodging rate and yield. 【Result】 The results showed that nitrogen application rate and planting density significantly regulated the vascular bundle structure of both wheat varieties. The number and area of big vascular bundles and the ratio of number and area of big and small vascular bundles were significantly and positively correlated with culm wall thickness and culm breaking strength, while the area of small vascular bundles was significantly and negatively correlated with culm wall thickness. Compared with Xinmai 26, Xinhuamai 818 had more big vascular bundles and larger area, while the number of small vascular bundles was equal and the area was smaller. This may be the anatomical basis for the superiority of Xinhua 818 over Xinmai 26 in terms of lodging resistance. Under the same planting density, the number and area of big vascular bundles of both wheat varieties showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of nitrogen application rate, with the largest number and area of big vascular bundles in N3 treatment. The average increase of number and area of big vascular bundles of Xinhuamai 818 and Xinmai 26 under N3 treatment compared with the minimum treatment were 14.61%, 15.80% and 16.18%, 20.10% respectively. The number and area of small vascular bundles showed similar changes. Under the same level of nitrogen application rate, the number and area of big vascular bundles of both varieties were the largest in the low density D1 treatment. Compared with the minimum value of high density D3, the average increase in the number and area of big vascular bundles of Xinhuamai 818 and Xinmai 26 under D1 treatment were 6.14%, 5.20% and 8.95%, 11.42%, respectively.【Conclusion】 Nitrogen-density control combination D1N2 with 240 kg·hm^-2 and planting density of 2.25 million plants/hm² can optimize the vascular bundle structure, coordinate the development of big and small vascular bundles. Specifically, the number and area of big vascular bundles and the number ratio and area ratio of two vascular bundles were increased in this treatment. The combination can also increase the thickness of the culm wall between the basal nodes and improve the breaking strength of the plant. These changes realize the synchronous improvement of lodging resistance and yield of wheat. We think this treatment can be used as a suitable nitrogen-density combination pattern for high-yielding and efficient cultivation of winter wheat in high-yielding irrigation areas in northern Henan.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen application rate, plant density, vascular bundle, lodging resistance

MU HaiMeng, SUN LiFang, WANG ZhuangZhuang, WANG Yu, SONG YiFan, ZHANG Rong, DUAN JianZhao, XIE YingXin, KANG GuoZhang, WANG YongHua, GUO TianCai. Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate and Planting Density on the Lodging Resistance and Grain Yield of Two Winter Wheat Varieties[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2023, 56(15): 2863-2879.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 4

Table 5

Yield and yield components by treatment"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		鑫华麦818 Xinhuamai 818				新麦26 Xinmai 26
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		穗数 SN (×10⁴/hm²)	穗粒数 GS	千粒重 1000GW (g)	产量 GY (kg·hm^-2)	穗数 SN (×10⁴/hm²)	穗粒数 GS	千粒重 1000GW (g)	产量 GY (kg·hm^-2)
2020— 2021	D1	N0	242.78f	32.81ef	57.80a	3569.59e	233.06d	28.42e	53.82a	2724.63e
		N1	444.58d	35.21bcd	57.41ab	8829.20ab	507.18b	34.88ab	52.98a	7917.04a
		N2	499.58bc	36.27abc	56.15abcd	8908.99ab	543.89ab	35.58a	51.41ab	7850.39a
		N3	514.72abc	37.40a	55.14cde	8910.38ab	549.18ab	35.64a	50.07bc	7100.36bc
		N4	500.28bc	37.07ab	54.62def	8574.54bc	543.11ab	35.17a	48.33cd	6617.56c
	D2	N0	347.50e	30.27g	56.85abc	4397.57d	353.33c	28.32e	53.70a	3014.02e
		N1	474.25cd	34.68cde	56.29abcd	8973.51ab	583.54a	34.16ab	52.83a	7943.43a
		N2	530.39ab	35.72abc	55.72bcd	9195.19a	592.17a	34.52ab	51.26ab	7637.88ab
		N3	535.56ab	35.96abc	54.54def	8933.57ab	599.93a	34.95ab	48.91bcd	6887.97c
		N4	513.25abc	35.49bc	53.20ef	8717.80b	575.01a	33.30bc	47.90cd	6537.83c
	D3	N0	432.64d	27.88h	56.82abc	3635.63e	369.72c	27.41e	53.38a	5000.95d
		N1	502.56bc	34.49cde	55.60bcd	8858.26ab	542.50ab	30.94d	50.06bc	6868.28c
		N2	536.55ab	35.26bc	54.61def	8954.51ab	581.67a	31.72cd	49.57bc	6902.82c
		N3	557.31a	33.32def	52.99f	8244.09c	578.77a	31.84cd	46.46d	6537.83c
		N4	532.88ab	32.06fg	52.77f	8157.67c	543.25ab	30.51d	46.40d	5615.30d
2021— 2022	D1	N0	345.83f	33.70gh	59.15a	6337.49d	318.75f	31.75d	54.65a	5837.91e
		N1	442.50d	35.44cdef	56.04bc	10882.66ab	458.33d	36.10c	51.05bc	9779.03abcd
		N2	473.33cd	37.53ab	54.54cd	11105.21ab	487.92bcd	38.50a	50.95bc	10173.21ab
		N3	478.33cd	37.84a	53.33de	10651.89ab	497.50abcd	39.40a	50.13cd	9955.14abc
		N4	450.42d	36.97abc	51.29efgh	10480.18b	491.25abcd	38.60a	48.84cde	9351.18bcd
	D2	N0	383.19ef	33.33gh	57.38ab	7370.47c	343.75ef	30.73d	53.93a	5986.19e
		N1	492.54bc	34.71efg	52.92def	10895.18ab	475.00cd	35.84c	48.81cde	10232.41a
		N2	505.00abc	36.98abc	52.18efg	11465.81a	511.40abc	38.35ab	47.87def	10377.79a
		N3	505.83abc	37.53ab	50.16gh	10934.50ab	511.67abc	38.80a	46.71efg	9763.53abcd
		N4	492.50bc	36.36abcd	49.48hi	10544.17b	511.25abc	36.91bc	46.36fg	9199.83cd
	D3	N0	392.50e	32.80h	55.86bc	7312.50c	390.00e	28.51e	53.11ab	6513.32e
		N1	506.67abc	34.28fgh	50.98fgh	10670.08ab	480.17cd	35.40c	46.65efg	9087.76d
		N2	521.25ab	36.44abcd	49.33hi	11146.24ab	531.21ab	36.55c	45.09gh	9287.14cd
		N3	538.03a	36.16bcde	48.08i	10775.36ab	538.16a	36.93bc	45.09gh	9211.48cd
		N4	528.75ab	35.26def	47.85i	10372.04b	534.97ab	36.90bc	43.95h	9019.66d

Table 5

Table 6

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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年份 Year	土层 Soil layers (cm)	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkaline N (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Available P (mg·kg^-1)
2020—2021	0—20	8.25	13.67	1.16	69.67	223.97	9.80
2020—2021	20—40	8.42	8.26	0.90	49.58	170.38	6.42
2021—2022	0—20	8.34	16.16	1.05	72.81	199.86	11.85
2021—2022	20—40	8.44	10.91	0.82	49.87	139.58	7.94

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		鑫华麦818 Xinhuamai 818		新麦26 Xinmai 26
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		抗折力 BS (N)	田间倒伏率 FLR (%)	抗折力 BS (N)	田间倒伏率 FLR (%)
2020—2021	D1	N0	8.50a		6.98a
		N1	6.33c		5.00c
		N2	5.64d		5.06c	5.61
		N3	5.15def		4.17d	27.94
		N4	5.12def		4.15d	41.73
	D2	N0	7.62b		6.41b
		N1	5.65d		4.17d	1.45
		N2	5.06ef		4.18d	17.46
		N3	4.63fg		3.43ef	36.91
		N4	4.60fg		3.27fg	54.11
	D3	N0	7.10b		5.14c
		N1	5.31de		3.64e	13.14
		N2	4.98ef		3.71e	13.19
		N3	4.61fg		3.14fg	43.53
		N4	4.39g	4.00	3.00g	36.87
2021—2022	D1	N0	12.33a		11.54a
		N1	9.41c		8.91bc
		N2	9.10cd		8.73cd
		N3	8.84cd		8.51cde
		N4	8.50cde		8.14cdef	2.53
	D2	N0	11.73ab		9.87b
		N1	8.83cd		7.88defg	1.44
		N2	8.28def		7.88defg	3.38
		N3	7.70efg		7.54efgh	4.09
		N4	7.42fgh		7.17fghi	7.00
	D3	N0	10.80b		9.07bc
		N1	7.56efg		7.12ghi	0.89
		N2	6.82ghi		6.53hij	5.24
		N3	6.46hi		6.30ij	7.11
		N4	5.97i		5.94j	11.27

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		鑫华麦818 Xinhuamai 818		新麦26 Xinmai 26
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		茎壁厚度 CWT (mm)	机械组织厚度 MTT (μm)	茎壁厚度 CWT (mm)	机械组织厚度 MTT (μm)
2020—2021	D1	N0	0.63a	48.44cd	0.52a	50.03f
		N1	0.59b	56.81a	0.48bc	59.28a
		N2	0.57bc	51.34b	0.47cd	57.56ab
		N3	0.56bcd	47.94cde	0.45cde	55.99bc
		N4	0.54cde	45.45f	0.45de	54.30cd
	D2	N0	0.58b	46.19ef	0.50ab	45.62g
		N1	0.57bc	49.13c	0.43efg	57.97ab
		N2	0.54cde	48.80c	0.44ef	55.79bc
		N3	0.53e	45.66f	0.41ghi	51.81ef
		N4	0.48fg	44.49fg	0.40hi	51.63ef
	D3	N0	0.54de	45.98ef	0.45cde	42.99h
		N1	0.49f	49.85bc	0.41fghi	54.79cd
		N2	0.47fg	46.48def	0.42fgh	54.15cd
		N3	0.46g	45.88ef	0.40hi	52.77de
		N4	0.45g	42.79g	0.39i	50.27f
2021—2022	D1	N0	0.74a	50.37abc	0.66a	51.40abc
		N1	0.68bc	50.73abc	0.61bc	54.57a
		N2	0.62efg	49.86abc	0.58cde	53.86a
		N3	0.62fgh	48.06cd	0.58cdef	52.88ab
		N4	0.58hij	43.75ef	0.57def	51.81abc
	D2	N0	0.71ab	49.10abc	0.63ab	49.57bcde
		N1	0.66cde	50.96a	0.59cd	52.95ab
		N2	0.61fgh	50.78ab	0.58cde	50.03bcd
		N3	0.61fgh	45.98de	0.57def	48.37cdef
		N4	0.59ghij	42.87f	0.55ef	45.14f
	D3	N0	0.66cd	49.21abc	0.62b	48.85cde
		N1	0.63def	50.72abc	0.58cdef	51.69abc
		N2	0.60fghi	48.19bcd	0.57def	48.46cdef
		N3	0.56ij	44.10ef	0.55f	46.66def
		N4	0.55j	42.30f	0.55ef	46.28ef

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		鑫华麦818 Xinhuamai 818		新麦26 Xinmai 26
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		NBV/NSV	ABV/ASV	NBV/NSV	ABV/ASV
2020—2021	D1	N0	2.54a	18.12ab	2.04a	11.92c
		N1	2.25bcd	18.39ab	1.97ab	12.23abc
		N2	2.20bcd	19.27a	1.95ab	13.09a
		N3	2.15d	18.50ab	1.94ab	13.03ab
		N4	2.15d	18.15ab	1.90b	12.55abc
	D2	N0	2.44ab	18.51ab	2.02ab	12.07bc
		N1	2.17cd	18.62ab	1.98ab	12.60abc
		N2	2.11d	18.98ab	1.95ab	12.93ab
		N3	2.09d	18.34ab	1.94ab	12.87abc
		N4	2.05d	17.65ab	1.89b	12.83abc
	D3	N0	2.42abc	18.42ab	2.01ab	12.76abc
		N1	2.23bcd	18.37ab	1.99ab	12.90abc
		N2	2.20bcd	18.26ab	1.97ab	13.22a
		N3	2.13d	17.72ab	1.94ab	12.64abc
		N4	2.12d	17.35b	1.90ab	12.44abc
2021—2022	D1	N0	2.29a	17.09ab	1.88a	9.61c
		N1	2.10bc	17.14ab	1.82ab	10.71ab
		N2	2.03bcd	17.53ab	1.81ab	10.90ab
		N3	1.95cd	16.60b	1.80ab	10.28abc
		N4	1.91d	16.43b	1.76b	10.04abc
	D2	N0	2.31a	17.79ab	1.85ab	9.88abc
		N1	2.11b	17.85ab	1.83ab	10.51abc
		N2	2.07bcd	17.97ab	1.82ab	10.90ab
		N3	2.02bcd	17.54ab	1.80ab	10.47abc
		N4	1.97bcd	17.47ab	1.78ab	10.10abc
	D3	N0	2.31a	17.96ab	1.85ab	9.85bc
		N1	2.11bc	18.60a	1.83ab	10.81ab
		N2	2.08bc	18.78a	1.79ab	10.95a
		N3	2.05bcd	18.65a	1.78ab	10.78ab
		N4	2.05bcd	18.04ab	1.77ab	10.13abc

指标 Item	2020—2021							2021—2022
指标 Item	品种 V	氮肥 N	密度 D	品种×氮肥 V×N	品种×密度 V×D	氮肥×密度 D×N	品种×氮肥×密度 V×D×N	品种 V	氮肥 N	密度 D	品种×氮肥 V×N	品种×密度 V×D	氮肥×密度 D×N	品种×氮肥×密度 V×D×N
抗折力 BS	**	***	***	*	*	NS	NS	NS	***	***	**	NS	NS	NS
茎壁厚度 CWT	**	***	***	NS	**	NS	NS	**	***	**	***	NS	NS	NS
机械组织厚度 MTT	**	***	***	***	NS	*	***	**	***	***	*	*	NS	NS
大维管束数目 NCBV	***	***	***	NS	***	NS	NS	***	***	**	NS	NS	NS	NS
小维管束数目 NSV	NS	***	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***	**	NS	NS	NS
大维管束面积 ABV	**	***	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***	**	NS	NS	NS	NS
小维管束面积 ASV	***	***	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	***	***	NS	NS	NS	NS
数目比值 Ratio of vascular number	***	***	NS	*	NS	NS	NS	***	***	NS	***	NS	NS	NS
面积比值 Ratio of vascular area	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	***	*	*	NS	NS	NS	NS
穗数SN	**	***	***	**	*	***	NS	NS	***	***	NS	NS	NS	NS
穗粒数 GS	*	***	***	NS	NS	NS	**	NS	***	***	***	NS	NS	NS
千粒重 1000GW	**	***	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	**	***	***	NS	NS	NS	NS
产量 GY	**	***	**	***	NS	***	***	**	***	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

Effect of Nitrogen Application Rate and Planting Density on the Lodging Resistance and Grain Yield of Two Winter Wheat Varieties

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