Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (13): 2563-2573.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.13.010

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Response Characteristics of Rhizosphere and Root Endosphere Bacteria and Rhizosphere Enzyme Activities to Soil Compaction Stress in Young Apple Tree

LI JiaQi(), XUN Mi, SHI JunYuan, SONG JianFei, SHI YuJia, ZHANG WeiWei, YANG HongQiang()   

  1. College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong
  • Received:2022-09-08 Accepted:2023-02-13 Online:2023-07-01 Published:2023-07-06
  • Contact: YANG HongQiang

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Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study was to identify the main factors causing bacterial abundance changed in the apple roots microenvironment under compaction stress, so as to provide a reference for further revealing the biological characteristics of apple rhizosphere and orchard soil management under soil stress.【Method】The experimental materials were potted young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.cv. Red Fuji) tree with the rootstocks of Malus hupehensis Rehd. and Malus robusta Rehd., respectively. After pressing the potted soil to form compaction stress, the rhizosphere mineral nutrient content, soil enzyme activity and the bacterial abundance of rhizosphere and root endosphere were measured.【Result】In both M. huphensis and M. robusta, the soil compaction stress significantly increased rhizosphere available phosphorus content, available potassium content and catalase activity, however, significantly decreased rhizosphere alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen content, sucrase activity, urease activity, acid phosphatase activity and root endosphere bacterial abundance. Furthermore, the soil compaction stress also changed the composition and structure of rhizosphere microorganisms. Under soil compaction stress, the amount and abundance of rhizosphere bacterial and the activity of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase changed with different rootstocks; however, which were significantly decreased in Red Fuji/M. hupehensis, with the reduction rates were 46.88%, 50.50% and 29.13%, respectively, and significantly increased in Red Fuji/M. robusta, with the increases were 51.41%, 20.22% and 13.76%, respectively. In compacted soil, rhizosphere alkali- hydrolyzed nitrogen content, hydrolase (sucrase, urease, acid phosphatase) activities and the bacterial abundance of root endosphere in Red Fuji/M. hupehensis decreased more than that in Red Fuji/M. robusta. Compared with Red Fuji/M. hupehensis, Red Fuji/M. robusta had stronger FDA hydrolase activity and recruited more rhizosphere bacteria. Redundancy analysis showed that rhizosphere available potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and FDA hydrolase activities had the highest explanatory rate for variation of bacterial abundance in rhizosphere and root endosphere of apple under soil compaction stress.【Conclusion】The soil compaction stress significantly affected rhizosphere microbial composition, then changed soil enzyme activity and mineral nutrient content in apple rhizosphere. Rhizosphere bacteria and FDA hydrolase activity were different with rootstock, and highly inhibited by soil compaction stress in Red Fuji/M. hupehensis. Under soil compaction stress, the content of rhizosphere available potassium and alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and the activity of rhizosphere FDA hydrolase were more closely related to the abundance of rhizosphere and root endosphere bacteria.

Key words: soil compaction, apple rootstock, rhizosphere, soil enzymes, root endosphere bacteria

Table 1

Soil physical properties of apple root zone under compaction stress"

土壤物理性状
Soil physical property		 红富士/平邑甜茶 Red Fuji/Malus hupehensis 红富士/八棱海棠 Red Fuji/Malus robusta
正常土壤
Normal soil		 紧实土壤
Compacted soil		 正常土壤
Normal soil		 紧实土壤
Compacted soil
土壤容重 Soil bulk density (g∙cm-3) 1.18±0.02b 1.67±0.06a 1.16±0.08b 1.64±0.03a
土壤孔隙度SP Soil porosity (%) 55.18±0.01a 36.75±0.02b 56.06±0.03a 37.98±0.01b
氧气浓度O2 Oxygen concentration (%) 19.50±0.30a 13.86±0.20c 19.28±0.22a 15.16±0.15b

Fig. 1

Rhizosphere mineral nutrient content of apple under soil compaction stress Mh: Red Fuji/Malus hupehensis; Mr: Red Fuji/Malus robusta. Cs: Compacted soil; Ns: Normal soil. Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below"

Fig. 2

Enzyme activities of apple rootstock rhizosphere soil under compaction stress"

Table 2

Composition and structure of rhizosphere microbial community in apple under soil compaction stress"

微生物群落组成结构
Microbial community composition structure		 红富士/平邑甜茶 Red Fuji/Malus hupehensis 红富士/八棱海棠 Red Fuji/Malus robusta
正常土壤
Normal soil		 紧实土壤
Compacted soil		 正常土壤
Normal soil		 紧实土壤
Compacted soil
细菌数Bacteria amount (×105 CFU/g) 32.00±2.65a 17.00±1.73b 11.67±0.58c 17.67±2.00b
真菌数Fungi amount (×103 CFU/g) 13.33±1.53b 6.33±1.15d 15.33±0.58a 8.33±0.58c
放线菌数Actinomyces amount (×104 CFU/g) 29.00±3.61c 38.00±2.00b 31.67±1.53c 52.00±2.65a
细菌数/真菌数（B/F）Ratio of bacteria to fungi 240.60±8.54b 271.43±14.74a 74.03±5.66d 212.96±14.30c
放线菌数/真菌数（A/F）Ratio of actinomyces to fungi 22.13±5.07b 61.52±12.85a 20.69±1.72b 62.64±6.04a

Fig. 3

The logarithm of 16S rRNA gene copy number of apple rhizosphere bacteria (A) bacteria in the root (B) under soil compaction stress"

Table 3

Correlation coefficients between rhizosphere and endosphere bacterial abundance with soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere enzyme activities in Red Fuji/M. hupehensis"

细菌丰度
Bacterial
abundance		 土壤物理性状
Soil physical property		 根际矿质养分含量
Rhizosphere nutrient content		 根际酶活性
Rhizosphere enzyme activity
SBD SP O2 TN TP TK AN AP AK CAT SAC URE ACP FDA
根际细菌Rh_16s -0.940** 0.941** 0.936** 0.195 0.206 0.754 0.925** -0.953** -0.880* -0.834* 0.908* 0.953** 0.947** 0.946**
根内细菌En_16s -0.973** 0.978** 0.985** 0.399 0.055 0.886* 0.962** -0.986** -0.953** -0.811 0.972** 0.994** 0.991** 0.976**

Table 4

Correlation coefficients between rhizosphere and endosphere bacterial abundance with soil physicochemical properties and rhizosphere enzyme activities in Red Fuji/M. robusta"

细菌丰度
Bacterial abundance		 土壤物理性状
Soil physical properties		 根际矿质养分含量
Rhizosphere nutrient content		 根际酶活
Rhizosphere enzyme activity
SBD SP O2 TN TP TK AN AP AK CAT SAC URE ACP FDA
根际细菌Rh_16s 0.925** -0.928** -0.947** -0.305 0.006 0.532 -0.884* 0.951** 0.952** 0.896* -0.979** -0.918** -0.878* 0.979**
根内细菌En_16s -0.953** 0.960** 0.983** 0.145 0.158 -0.554 0.933** -0.991** -0.991** -0.950** 0.956** 0.992** 0.973** -0.949**

Fig. 4

Redundancy analysis of total abundance of root endosphere and rhizosphere bacteria in apple, rhizosphere enzyme activities and physicochemical properties under soil compaction stress"

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