Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (11): 2011-2020.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.11.016

Special Issue: MINERAL IN FEEDSTUFFS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

• SPECIAL FOCUS: MINERAL IN FEEDSTUFFS FOR LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY • Previous Articles    

A Survey on Distribution of Selenium Contents in Feedstuffs for Livestock and Poultry in China

WANG LiSai1,2,ZHANG LiYang2,MA XueLian2,WANG LiangZhi2,3,XING GuanZhong1,YANG Liu1,YU Tao1,LÜ Lin2,LIAO XiuDong2,LI SuFen1(),LUO XuGang2()   

  1. 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004,Hebei
    2 Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193
    3 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041
  • Received:2019-02-18 Accepted:2019-04-15 Online:2019-06-01 Published:2019-06-11
  • Contact: SuFen LI,XuGang LUO E-mail:lisufen64@163.com;wlysz@263.net

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Abstract:

【Objective】 The purpose of this survey was to study the distribution of selenium (Se) contents in various feed ingredients from different regions and the basal diets of pigs and chickens of China, so as to provide a basis for the reasonable addition of Se to the diets.【Method】 A total of 3 785 feed samples from 37 feed ingredients which fallen into seven types (cereal feeds, cereal by-products, plant protein feeds, animal protein feeds, pasture feeds, straw feeds and mineral feeds) from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. After pretreatment, microwave digestion was performed with MARS6 high-throughput closed microwave digestion system, and then feed samples were determined by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (IC-ICP-MS). The pig liver powder was used as a reference material to ensure the reliability of the measurement results.【Result】 The determination of Se contents in feedstuffs showed that the average Se content of cereal feeds (including corn, wheat, rice and barley) was 0.037 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.025 to 0.044 mg·kg -1); cereal by-products (including corn gluten meal, corn DDGS, corn germ meal, wheat middling, wheat bran, wheat DDGS, broken rice and rice bran) was 0.071 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.034 to 0.124 mg·kg -1); plant protein feeds (including extruded soybean, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, linseed meal and sunflower meal) was 0.209 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.097 to 0.502 mg·kg -1); animal protein feeds (including fish meal, meat meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, dried porcine soluble, plasma protein powder and blood cells protein powder) was 1.217 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.611 to 2.220 mg·kg -1); pasture feeds (including Leymus chinensis, ryegrass, alfalfa and corn silage) was 0.062 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.057 to 0.070 mg·kg -1); straw feeds (including corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw and sweet potato vine) was 0.069 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.033 to 0.128 mg·kg -1); mineral feeds (including limestone, dicalcium phosphate, bone meal and oyster shell meal) was 0.352 mg·kg -1 (ranged from 0.085 to 0.544 mg·kg -1). Results showed that the average Se contents of these 37 kinds of feeds ranged from 0.025 to 2.220 mg·kg -1 and the Se contents distribution of different species feeds were as follows: animal protein feeds (1.217 mg·kg -1)＞ mineral feeds (0.352 mg·kg -1) ＞ plant protein feeds (0.209 mg·kg -1) ＞cereal by-products (0.071 mg·kg -1) ＞straw feeds (0.069 mg·kg -1) ＞ pasture feeds (0.062 mg·kg -1) ＞cereal feeds (0.037 mg·kg -1).The Se contents in corn, wheat or soybean meal from some provinces (regions) were significantly different (P＜0.05). The Se contents of corn samples from all the provinces (regions) were deficient (≤0.05 mg·kg -1), and 61.1% provinces (regions) were severely deficient (≤0.02 mg·kg -1). The Se contents of wheat samples from Sichuan province were serious deficient (≤0.02 mg·kg -1). The Se contents of soybean meal samples from Sichuan province and Inner Mongolia were deficient (0.03-0.05 mg·kg -1), and that from Henan province were critical deficient (0.06-0.09 mg·kg -1). Calculated Se contents from 153 feed formulas commonly used in pigs and chickens all over the country ranged from 0.06 to 0.11 mg·kg -1, which could provide about a quarter of the Se requirement for pigs and chickens according to feeding standards of China. 【Conclusion】 The Se contents enrichments of feeds in livestock and poultry are different among different types and regions in China. The Se contents in the basal diet formula could provide about a quarter of the Se requirement for pigs and chickens in China. Therefore, it is suggested that we should formulate the diet accurately according to distribution data of Se contents in feedstuffs from different types and different areas, so as to meet the need of efficient production of livestock and poultry and reduce supplemental Se level.

Key words: feedstuff, selenium content, pig, chicken

Table 1

Distribution of Se contents in cereals (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of
samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
玉米Corn 30 1175 0.025±0.011b 0.481 0.000
小麦Wheat 26 240 0.038±0.018a 0.414 0.002
稻谷Rice 29 206 0.040±0.010a 0.475 0.003
大麦Barley 15 28 0.044±0.028a 0.193 0.006
P值 P-value ＜0.001
总平均值 Total average 0.037

Table 2

Distribution of Se contents in cereal by-products (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 17 90 0.124±0.045a 0.325 0.005
玉米DDGS Corn DDGS 13 93 0.050±0.019bc 0.212 0.010
玉米胚芽粕 Corn germ meal 7 49 0.072±0.035b 0.297 0.019
次粉 Wheat middling 20 50 0.047±0.028bc 0.240 0.010
小麦麸 Wheat bran 22 107 0.058±0.018bc 0.107 0.008
小麦DDGS Wheat DDGS 4 16 0.113±0.050a 0.189 0.061
碎米 Broken rice 21 54 0.034±0.016c 0.237 0.003
米糠 Rice bran 19 106 0.073±0.029b 0.253 0.007
P值 P value ＜0.001
总平均值 Total average 0.071

Table 3

Distribution of Se contents in plant protein ingredients (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of
samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
膨化大豆 Extruded soybean 10 95 0.287±0.128b 0.637 0.002
大豆粕 Soybean meal 19 319 0.182±0.072bc 0.766 0.002
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 16 136 0.174±0.151bc 0.815 0.004
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 13 104 0.105±0.025c 0.292 0.041
花生粕 Peanut meal 11 49 0.118±0.066c 0.446 0.035
亚麻粕 Linseed meal 3 19 0.502±0.558a 1.513 0.030
葵花粕 Sunflower meal 3 15 0.097±0.046c 0.192 0.030
P值 P value ＜0.001
总平均值 Total average 0.209

Table 4

Distribution of Se contents in animal protein ingredients (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of
samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
鱼粉 Fish meal 14 57 2.220±0.675a 3.385 0.390
肉粉 Meat meal 12 24 0.628±0.117c 0.922 0.274
水解羽毛粉Hydrolyzed feather meal 16 34 0.611±0.098c 0.812 0.196
肠膜蛋白粉Dried porcine soluble 3 9 0.974±0.177b 1.214 0.697
血浆蛋白粉 Plasma protein powder 13 25 1.998±0.237a 2.339 0.950
血球蛋白粉 Blood cells protein powder 16 28 0.871±0.086bc 1.057 0.649
P值 P value ＜0.001
总平均值 Total average 1.217

Table 5

Distribution of Se contents in pasture ingredients (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of
samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
羊草 Leymus chinensis 7 33 0.059±0.021 0.197 0.013
黑麦草 Ryegrass 15 70 0.070±0.035 0.190 0.007
苜蓿 Alfalfa 23 88 0.057±0.038 0.302 0.001
青贮玉米 Corn silage 23 86 0.060±0.034 0.339 0.010
P值 P value 0.686
总平均值 Total average 0.062

Table 6

Distribution of Se contents in straw ingredients (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of
samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 29 80 0.051±0.033bc 0.233 0.003
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw 20 51 0.033±0.016c 0.117 0.005
稻秸 Rice straw 27 81 0.064±0.039b 0.308 0.007
甘薯藤 Sweet potato vine 12 21 0.128±0.056a 0.362 0.026
P值 P value ＜0.001
总平均值 Total average 0.069

Table 7

Distribution of Se contents in mineral ingredients (air-dry basis)"

样品名称
Name of samples		 省(市、区)数
No. of provinces
(municipalities, regions)		 样品数
No. of
samples		 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值
Maximum		 最小值
Minimum
石粉 Limestone 18 65 0.544±0.448 3.072 0.006
磷酸氢钙 Dicalcium phosphate 4 45 0.344±0.215 1.095 0.024
骨粉 Bone meal 15 28 0.436±0.253 2.552 0.045
贝壳粉 Oyster shell meal 2 9 0.085±0.019 0.185 0.031
P值 P value 0.310
总平均值 Total average 0.352

Table 8

Distribution of Se contents in corn, wheat and soybean meal from some provinces of China (mg·kg-1, air-dry basis)"

省（区）名
Name of provinces (Regions)		 玉米硒含量Se contents in corn 小麦硒含量Se contents in wheat 大豆粕硒含量Se contents in soybean meal
平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值Maximum 最小值
Minimum		 平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值Maximum 最小值
Minimum		 平均值±标准差
Mean ± standard deviation		 最大值Maximum 最小值
Minimum
黑龙江 Heilongjiang 0.014±0.013e(78) 0.076 0.004 0.241±0.176b(50) 0.544 0.017
河南 Henan 0.018±0.014cde(53) 0.063 0.003 0.040±0.035bc(26) 0.131 0.012 0.057±0.047cd(12) 0.158 0.012
山东 Shandong 0.016±0.006e(54) 0.037 0.005 0.052±0.042abc(13) 0.164 0.016 0.180±0.192bc(19) 0.584 0.017
河北 Hebei 0.028±0.022bc(53) 0.086 0.003 0.058±0.049ab(19) 0.223 0.012 0.300±0.178b(27) 0.705 0.027
内蒙古
Inner Mongolia		 0.016±0.015e(52) 0.061 0.005 0.036±0.017cd(26) 0.103 0.009
吉林 Jilin 0.014±0.009e(59) 0.034 0.001 0.270±0.227b(11) 0.606 0.009
辽宁 Liaoning 0.018±0.013de(53) 0.057 0.001 0.296±0.264b(22) 0.709 0.017
山西 Shanxi 0.048±0.041a(83) 0.196 0.006 0.047±0.039bc(14) 0.139 0.012 0.623±0.277a(4) 0.865 0.380
四川 Sichuan 0.016±0.015e(42) 0.068 0.001 0.021±0.017c(8) 0.061 0.009 0.027±0.013d(8) 0.055 0.014
安徽 Anhui 0.012±0.007e(43) 0.031 0.001 0.037±0.019bc(14) 0.082 0.013 0.235±0.174b(17) 0.485 0.027
陕西 Shaanxi 0.027±0.014bcd(41) 0.066 0.003 0.036±0.027bc(9) 0.088 0.013
云南 Yunnan 0.010±0.016e(50) 0.083 0.000
甘肃 Gansu 0.018±0.013cde(40) 0.066 0.001 0.044±0.032bc(9) 0.099 0.007
新疆 Xinjiang 0.026±0.020bcd(47) 0.087 0.001 0.086±0.071a(10) 0.232 0.017
贵州 Guizhou 0.035±0.039b(39) 0.170 0.002
湖北 Hubei 0.027±0.034bcd(36) 0.155 0.006 0.058±0.050abc(8) 0.181 0.027 0.075±0.078cd(8) 0.224 0.011
江苏 Jiangsu 0.014±0.012e(44) 0.052 0.000 0.026±0.010bc(16) 0.048 0.010 0.165±0.011bcd(15) 0.187 0.148
广西 Guangxi 0.044±0.036a(33)
P-value ＜0.001 0.015 ＜0.001

Table 9

Se contents in the basal diets for pigs and chickens in China (air-dry basis)"

饲粮类型
Type of diet		 猪 Pigs 鸡 Chickens
配方数No. of formulas 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1) 配方数No. of formulas 硒含量Se contents (mg·kg-1)
玉米-豆粕 Corn-Soybean meal 25 0.07±0.03 22 0.11±0.04
玉米-油籽粕 Corn-Oilseed meals 15 0.09±0.05 20 0.08±0.02
多谷-豆粕 Cereals-Soybean meal 23 0.08±0.03 16 0.07±0.01
多谷-油籽粕 Cereals-Oilseed meals 16 0.06±0.01 15 0.07±0.01
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