麦玉复种体系下秸秆还田与施氮对作物水氮利用及产量的效应研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.09.005

Abstract

Abstract: 【Objective】This research was conducted to explore the response of crop production under wheat-maize multiple cropping system in Shaanxi Guanzhong region to straw returning and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application conditions, so as to provide theoretical basis for realizing local crop yield increase and efficient utilization of resources. 【Method】 A five-year field experiment was persistently performed in Yangling of Shaanxi Province from October 2011 to October 2016. A split plot design was developed in this experiment, with different straw returning patterns (straw returning (S) and no straw returning (S0)) as main treatments and different fertilizer applications (farmer actual fertilization (F1), 20% fertilizer reduction (F0.8) and no fertilization (F0)) as sub-treatments. Crop yield, water and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat and summer maize under different treatments were measured and analyzed, respectively. 【Result】 The interactions of straw returning and nitrogen applications on biomass, yield and yield components, water and fertilizer utilization of wheat and maize were significant or highly significant. Compared with no straw returning, the content of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium under the condition of straw returning significantly increased 6.0%-13.9%, 8.2%-34.1%, 3.4%-4.7%, 3.3%-10.3%, respectively, and the soil water storage in 0-100 cm soil layer before sowing and after harvesting of winter wheat and summer maize significantly increased 5%-11%, 12%-15% in wheat and 4%-9%, 11%-17% in maize, respectively. Compared with no fertilization, the soil nutrient content under fertilization was significantly increased, and the soil water storage of both two crops with straw returning under the condition of fertilization was significantly increased. Compared with no straw returning, the yield of grain in four continuous wheat growing seasons (2012-2016) and five continuous maize growing seasons (2011-2016) under the condition of straw returning, respectively, increased 4%-6%, 5%-10%, 7%-10%, 8%-12% in wheat and 1%-2%, 3%-6%, 4%-7%, 5%-8%, 3%-7% in maize significantly; Water use efficiency (WUE), respectively, increased 4%-7% in wheat and 8%-11% in maize significantly; Nitrogen partial factor productivity (PEPN) and agronomic efficiency (AEN) of both two crops were increased significantly. Compared with no fertilization, the yield of wheat and maize under the condition of fertilization was increased significantly, and was highest in F1 treatment, which was significantly increased by 30%-38%, 29%-33%, respectively, in wheat and 21%-25%, 19%-22%, respectively, in maize comparing with F0 treatment under two straw returning level; WUE of both two crops was increased significantly, but under S0 level, the F1 treatment was the highest, and the F0.8 treatment was the highest under S level. Compared with farmer actual fertilization, PEP_N and AE_N of both two crops were significantly increased under 20% fertilizer reduction, and the highest SF0.8 treatment was significantly higher 31%, 30% in wheat and 30%, 31% in maize than the lowest S0F1 treatment, respectively. In terms of economic benefits, annual average net income of wheat and maize under straw returning condition was 808-1 258 yuan and 733-1 212 yuan higher than that of no straw returning, and compared with no fertilization condition, annual average net income of two crops was increased, and the F0.8 treatment gained the most. Meanwhile, two crops both showed the trend of SF0.8＞ SF1＞S0F0.8＞S0F1＞SF0＞S0F0 in five years, of which SF0.8 treatment increased 3 052 yuan in wheat and 2 145 yuan in maize respectively compared with the CK. 【Conclusion】 Generally, comparing with local farmer actual fertilization, long-term straw returning in matching with 20% reduction fertilization not only ensured the crop yield in a high level, but also improved utilization of water and nitrogen significantly. Based on the efficiency of water and nitrogen utilization, crop yield and economic benefit, the effect of SF0.8 treatment was the optimal in all treatments.

Key words: wheat-maize rotation, straw returning, nitrogen fertilizer reduction, water and nitrogen utilization, crop yield

YANG ChenLu, LIU LanQing, WANG WeiYu, REN GuangXin, FENG YongZhong, YANG GaiHe. Effects of Straw Returning in Matching and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Yields, Water and Nitrogen Utilization Under Wheat-Maize Multiple Cropping System[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(9): 1664-1680.

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