Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (4): 912-926.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.04.016

• ANIMAL SCIENCE·VETERINARY SCIENCE • Previous Articles    

Regulatory Role of Guanylate-Binding Protein 2 in Staphylococcus aureus -Induced Macrophage Apoptosis

MA GuiLan(), ZHANG XuYang, LI Wu()   

  1. School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University/Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Yinchuan 750021
  • Received:2025-07-03 Online:2026-02-10 Published:2026-02-10
  • Contact: LI Wu

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Abstract:

【Background】Staphylococcus aureus is a common gram-positive pathogenic bacterium capable of causing various infectious diseases and toxin-mediated illnesses. As central effectors of innate immunity, macrophage play a critical role in eliminating S. aureus. However, S. aureus can evade immune clearance by inducing macrophage apoptosis. Guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2), an interferon-inducible GTPase, participates in host immune regulation against intracellular pathogens, but its specific functions and regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus-induced macrophage apoptosis remain unclear.【Objective】This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of GBP2 and its underlying molecular mechanisms in macrophage apoptosis during S. aureus infection to reveal novel immune evasion strategies of S. aureus, so as to provide a theoretical basis for developing new anti-S. aureus therapeutic strategies.【Method】Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was used to establish a GBP2-knockdown model in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. After S. aureus infection, the expression levels of the target proteins in macrophages were analyzed by western blotting. These proteins included GBP2, key apoptosis-related proteins (Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1), regulatory proteins (Bax and Bcl-2), and key molecules of the MAPK signaling pathway (total JNK, ERK, p38, and their phosphorylated forms p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-p38). Changes in GBP2 mRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The intracellular localization and expression of GBP2 were observed using immunofluorescence staining. Apoptosis rates were quantified by flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining assay. All experiments included appropriate controls. Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, with statistical significance set at P<0.05.【Result】S. aureus infection significantly increased both GBP2 protein and mRNA expression levels in RAW264.7 macrophages (P<0.001). Concurrently, infection activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as evidenced by significantly increased expression of Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1 (P<0.001), upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and a significantly elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P<0.001). Flow cytometry confirmed a significantly higher apoptosis rate in the S. aureus-infected group than that in the control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, S. aureus infection markedly activated the MAPK signaling pathway, as indicated by significantly increased levels of p-JNK, p-ERK, and p-p38 (P<0.001). When compared with S. aureus infection alone, the siRNA-GBP2+S. aureus group exhibited significant inhibition of the apoptotic phenotype; Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1 expression levels were markedly reduced (P<0.001), the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.001), and the apoptosis rates were also significantly reduced (P<0.001). Simultaneously, GBP2 knockdown significantly suppressed the activation of the MAPK pathway, leading to reduced phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38 (P<0.001).【Conclusion】GBP2 acted as a regulator of S. aureus-induced macrophage apoptosis, likely through modulation of MAPK pathway activation. These findings enhanced our understanding of S. aureus pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions and reveal a novel function of GBP2 in the immune response to bacterial infection. Targeting GBP2 or its MAPK-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway might represent a promising therapeutic approach to combat S. aureus infection, protect host immune cells, and enhance pathogen clearance.

Key words: macrophage, guanylate-binding protein 2 (GBP2), Staphylococcus aureus, MAPK signaling pathway, apoptosis

Table 1

The sequence of small interfere RNA"

siRNA 正向 Sense (5′-3′) 反向 Antisense (5′-3′)
#1 CCGCUAACUUUGUGGGCUUTT AAGCCCACAAAGUUAGCGGTT
#2 GAGACAAGAGCUAGAGAAATT UUUCUCUAGCUCUUGUCUCTT
#3 GAUGAAAGACGAACAGAAATT UUUCUGUUCGUCUUUCAUCTT
NC UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT

Table 2

Gene specific primers for RT-qPCR"

基因 Gene 引物 Primer 引物序列 Primer sequence (5′-3′)
β-actin
 Forward AGGGAAATCGTGCGTGACAT
Reverse GGAAAAGAGCCTCAGGGCAT
GBP2
 Forward GCAAACCCTGGTTCTGCTTG
Reverse CAGTCGCGGCTCATTAAAGC

Fig. 1

S. aureus induces elevated GBP2 expression in macrophages A: Western blot analysis of GBP2 protein expression in macrophages at different time points post-infection with S. aureus; B: Densitometric analysis of GBP2 protein expression at different time points post-infection; C: Western blot analysis of GBP2 protein expression in the macrophages infected with S. aureus at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs); D: Densitometric analysis of GBP2 protein expression at different MOIs; E: RT-qPCR analysis of GBP2 transcriptional changes; F: Immunofluorescence detection showing GBP2 localization and fluorescence intensity in RAW264.7 cells 3 h post-infection with S. aureus (40× magnification; scale bar = 10 µm). Data represent three independent experiments (n = 3). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, and *** P<0.001. The same as below"

Fig. 2

Effect of S. aureus infection on RAW264.7 cell apoptosis A: Western blot analysis of Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1 protein expression in the macrophages infected with S. aureus at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs); B, C: Densitometric quantification of Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1 protein levels; D: Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis rates in the RAW264.7 cells 3 h post-infection; E: Histogram showing the quantitative analysis of apoptosis rates. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments"

Fig. 3

Validation of GBP2 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in RAW264.7 cells A: Western blot analysis of GBP2 protein expression in the RAW264.7 cells 24 h post-transfection with three different siRNA-GBP2 constructs; B: Fluorescence microscopy assessment of transfection efficiency (100× magnification; scale bar = 100 µm); C: Densitometric quantification of GBP2 protein levels; D: RT-qPCR analysis of GBP2 mRNA expression. Representative images/data from three independent experiments are shown"

Fig. 4

Establishment of S. aureus-infected RAW264.7 cell model following siRNA-GBP2 transfection A: Western blot analysis of GBP2 protein expression in RAW264.7 cells transfected with siRNA-GBP2 for 24 h followed by S. aureus infection for 3 h; B: Densitometric quantification of GBP2 protein levels; C: RT-qPCR analysis of GBP2 mRNA expression after S. aureus infection of siRNA-GBP2-transfected cells; D: Immunofluorescence verification of GBP2 knockdown efficiency after S. aureus infection. (40× magnification; scale bar =10 µm). Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments"

Fig. 5

Effect of S. aureus infection on RAW264.7 cell apoptosis following siRNA-GBP2 transfection A: Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis in the RAW264.7 cells after S. aureus infection; B: Quantitative analysis of apoptotic rates. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, and *** P<0.001."

Fig. 6

Effect of siRNA-GBP2 on expression of key apoptosis-related proteins in S. aureus-infected macrophages A: Western blot analysis of the key apoptosis proteins Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1; B, C: Densitometric quantification of Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1 protein levels; D, E: Immunofluorescence analysis of Cleaved-Caspase3 and Cleaved-PARP1 localization. (40× magnification; scale bar =10 µm). Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments"

Fig. 7

Effect of siRNA-GBP2 on key proteins of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in S. aureus-infected macrophages A: Western blot analysis of the key intrinsic apoptotic pathway proteins (Bcl-2, Apaf-1, Bax, Bid, and Bad); B: Densitometric quantification of the Bcl-2 protein levels; C-F: Densitometric quantification of Apaf-1, Bax, Bid, and Bad protein expression. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments"

Fig. 8

Effect of siRNA-GBP2 on key proteins of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in S. aureus-infected macrophages A, B: Immunofluorescence detection of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-XL and Bcl-2; C, D: Immunofluorescence detection of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bid. (40× magnification; scale bar = 10 µm)"

Fig. 9

Effect of siRNA-GBP2 on MAPK signaling pathway protein expression in S. aureus-infected macrophages A: Western blot analysis of phospho-p38 (p-p38), p38, phospho-JNK (p-JNK), JNK, phospho-ERK (p-ERK), and ERK protein expression; B-D: Densitometric quantification of key MAPK signaling proteins. Data represent mean ± SD from three independent experiments"

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