Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (21): 4904-4923.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.21.014

• HORTICULTURE • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Comprehensive Stage-Specific Evaluation of Salt-Alkali Tolerance and Tetraploidization Effects in Diploid and Tetraploid Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage

TANG WeiHua1(), ZHANG ZhiLin2, YAN ZhiMing1, LIU TongKun2, HOU XiLin2()   

  1. 1 School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang 212400, Jiangsu
    2 College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095
  • Received:2026-06-05 Accepted:2026-06-29 Online:2026-11-01 Published:2026-11-06
  • Contact: HOU XiLin

Abstract:

【Objective】This study aimed to clarify the differences in salt-alkali tolerance between diploid and tetraploid non-heading Chinese cabbage with the same genetic background across different salt types and developmental stages, to determine the effects of tetraploidization and its dependence on genetic background, and to identify elite materials combining stress tolerance, yield performance, and breeding potential, thereby providing a basis for germplasm evaluation and ploidy improvement in non-heading Chinese cabbage. 【Method】Fifteen pairs of diploid and tetraploid (2X/4X) non-heading Chinese cabbage with corresponding genetic backgrounds were used as experimental materials. NaCl and NaHCO3 stresses were applied at the germination and seedling stages, respectively, and NaCl drip-irrigation stress was imposed throughout the whole growth period under field conditions. Concentration gradients of NaCl and NaHCO3 were established at the germination stage; 450 mmol·L-1 NaCl and 80 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 were applied at the seedling stage; and 200 mmol·L-1 NaCl was supplied by drip-irrigation in the field, with soil EC1:5 monitored to characterize salinity intensity. Germination, morphological, physiological, photosynthetic, and yield-related traits were measured. Salt-tolerance coefficients (STCs) were calculated, and a comprehensive salt-tolerance index (D-value) was obtained using principal component analysis combined with the membership function method. The MGIDI index, Fernandez four-quadrant method, paired t-tests, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were further used to evaluate material tolerance, yield performance, and ploidy effects. 【Result】Salt-alkali tolerance in non-heading Chinese cabbage showed clear salt-type differences and developmental-stage specificity. At the germination stage, NaHCO3 stress caused stronger overall inhibition than NaCl stress. Treatment with 250 mmol·L-1 NaCl effectively enlarged differences among materials; under NaHCO3 stress, 40 mmol·L-1 was sufficient to reveal material differentiation, whereas 60 mmol·L-1 produced greater overall dispersion and a wider D-value distribution, making it more suitable for comprehensive evaluation at the germination stage. At the seedling stage, responses to NaCl and NaHCO3 were not fully consistent, and some materials with advantages at the germination stage showed reduced tolerance at the seedling stage, indicating that germination-stage results can not directly substitute for evaluations at the seedling stage or throughout the whole growth period under field conditions. In the field evaluation, D-value rankings were largely consistent with MGIDI rankings (Spearman ρ=-0.775, P=4.87×10-7), demonstrating good robustness of the multi-trait D-value evaluation. However, Fernandez yield correction showed that most materials with high D-values did not fall into the high-yield and stress-tolerant Group A, suggesting that high comprehensive tolerance does not necessarily indicate high yield under salt stress. The ploidy effect was strongly condition-dependent. Only under NaHCO3 stress at the germination stage did 4X materials show significantly higher D values than 2X materials (ΔD=0.149±0.164, P=0.004), whereas no significant difference between 4X and 2X was observed under the other four conditions. Pooled analysis across the five conditions showed a significant negative correlation between ΔD and diploid tolerance D2X (r=-0.601, P=1.15×10-8), suggesting that the gain from tetraploidization tended to occur in genetic backgrounds with weaker diploid tolerance. After field yield correction, LXRC 2X, PPQ 4X, and L060 2X combined favorable comprehensive salt tolerance with good potential yield and stress yield. 【Conclusion】Salt-alkali tolerance in non-heading Chinese cabbage is jointly regulated by salt type, developmental stage, and genetic background, and tetraploidization does not consistently improve tolerance. A stepwise evaluation strategy integrating preliminary screening at the germination stage, rescreening at the seedling stage, and validation throughout the whole growth period under field conditions, together with yield correction, can improve both screening efficiency and the accuracy of breeding-oriented selection.

Key words: non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis), salt stress, alkali stress, tetraploidization, comprehensive evaluation, yield correction, germplasm screening

Fig. 1

Effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 stress on seed germination parameters of tetraploid (4X) and diploid (2X) non-heading Chinese cabbage"

Table 1

Principal component analysis of the STCs of seven germination indices under 250 mmol·L-1 NaCl treatment"

指标Trait PC1 PC2 PC3 h2
发芽率Germination rate (GR) 0.418 -0.327 -0.149 0.960
发芽势Germination energy (GE) 0.418 -0.319 -0.165 0.958
发芽指数Germination index (GI) 0.393 -0.349 -0.278 0.924
活力指数Vigor index (VI) 0.364 0.379 -0.370 0.893
胚根长Radicle length (RL) 0.280 0.712 -0.233 0.933
子叶长Cotyledon length (LL) 0.380 0.126 0.569 0.971
子叶宽Cotyledon width (LW) 0.376 0.059 0.599 0.973
特征值Eigenvalue 4.769 1.017 0.827 —
贡献率Variance contribution (%) 68.13 14.53 11.81 —
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution (%) 68.13 82.66 94.47 —

Fig. 2

Comprehensive evaluation of salt-alkali tolerance at the germination stage"

Fig. 3

Comprehensive evaluation of salt-alkali tolerance at the seedling stage"

Table 2

Principal component analysis of 11 STCs at the seedling stage under 450 mmol·L-1 NaCl treatment"

指标Trait PC1 PC2 PC3 h2
成苗率Seedling establishment rate (SER) -0.049 -0.147 0.938 0.972
株高Plant height (PH) 0.366 -0.068 -0.073 0.902
叶片数Leaf number (LN) 0.332 -0.005 -0.243 0.793
最大叶长Maximum leaf length (MLL) 0.341 -0.002 0.081 0.780
最大叶宽Maximum leaf width (MLW) 0.364 -0.054 0.071 0.891
叶柄长Petiole length (PeL) 0.352 0.005 0.050 0.826
叶柄宽Petiole width (PeW) 0.346 -0.036 0.112 0.810
单株鲜重Fresh weight per plant (FW) 0.351 -0.047 0.018 0.823
净菜重Net fresh weight per plant (NFW) 0.360 -0.039 0.073 0.868
叶绿素含量Chlorophyll content (SPAD) 0.085 0.688 0.076 0.908
全氮含量Total nitrogen content (TN) 0.031 0.702 0.130 0.913
特征值Eigenvalue 6.640 1.803 1.042 —
贡献率Variance contribution (%) 60.36 16.39 9.47 —
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution (%) 60.36 76.75 86.23 —

Table 3

Principal component analysis of 11 STCs at the seedling stage under 80 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3 treatment"

指标Trait PC1 PC2 PC3 h2
成苗率Seedling establishment rate (SER) 0.095 -0.025 0.761 0.691
株高Plant height (PH) 0.369 0.141 -0.194 0.788
叶片数Leaf number (LN) 0.254 -0.043 -0.422 0.537
最大叶长Maximum leaf length (MLL) 0.342 -0.197 -0.180 0.720
最大叶宽Maximum leaf width (MLW) 0.337 -0.076 -0.016 0.601
叶柄长Petiole length (PeL) 0.385 -0.094 -0.051 0.787
叶柄宽Petiole width (PeW) 0.364 0.159 -0.052 0.742
单株鲜重Fresh weight per plant (FW) 0.248 0.521 0.185 0.916
净菜重Net fresh weight per plant (NFW) 0.260 0.512 0.162 0.922
叶绿素含量Chlorophyll content (SPAD) 0.289 -0.370 0.280 0.803
全氮含量Total nitrogen content (TN) 0.257 -0.478 0.169 0.846
特征值Eigenvalue 5.170 2.072 1.111 —
贡献率Variance contribution (%) 47.00 18.84 10.10 —
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution (%) 47.00 65.84 75.94 —

Fig. 4

Comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance across the whole growth period under field conditions"

Table 4

Comprehensive D-values and Fernandez yield categories of 12 Grade-I accessions"

材料
Accession
排名
Rank
D值
D-value
潜在产量
Yp (kg/plant)
胁迫产量
Ys (kg/plant)
Fernandez分组
Fernandez group
Y55 2X 1 0.662 0.038 0.020 D
Y48 4X 2 0.655 0.058 0.028 D
WTC 2X 3 0.652 0.034 0.020 D
Y64 2X 4 0.617 0.024 0.024 D
Y09 4X 5 0.592 0.078 0.036 D
LXRC 2X 6 0.591 0.126 0.042 A*
Y64 4X 7 0.589 0.036 0.026 D
PPQ 4X 8 0.577 0.108 0.052 A*
Y55 4X 9 0.573 0.048 0.036 D
L060 2X 10 0.571 0.100 0.090 A*
Y48 2X 11 0.570 0.078 0.044 C
L044 4X 12 0.563 0.038 0.034 D

Table 5

Paired t-test and regression of ΔD on D2X for 15 paired backgrounds across 5 conditions"

条件Condition Δ$\text{\bar{D}}$ t P Cohen’s d 4X wins/n r (D2X, ΔD)
萌发期NaCl Germination/NaCl 0.074 1.596 0.133 0.412 11/15 -0.810***
萌发期NaHCO3 Germination/NaHCO3 0.149 3.506 0.004** 0.905 14/15 -0.694**
苗期NaCl Seedling/NaCl 0.028 0.447 0.662 0.115 4/15 -0.673**
苗期NaHCO3 Seedling/NaHCO3 -0.055 -1.266 0.226 -0.327 4/15 -0.376ns
大田期NaCl Field/NaCl 0.010 0.283 0.781 0.073 8/15 -0.752**

Fig. 5

Stage-specificity of the tetraploidization effect on salt tolerance and its dependence on diploid tolerance"

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