国审玉米品种株高与穗位高构成特征及不同生态区差异分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.21.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Plant height and ear height are key morphological traits in maize, serving as intuitive indicators of plant architecture. Analyzing their compositional characteristics, temporal trends, and regional variation across ecological zones provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how varietal replacement reshapes plant architecture structure and how environmental gradients influence phenotypic expression. 【Method】A comprehensive dataset comprising 7 502 nationally approved maize varieties released between 2000 and 2025 was compiled. Statistical analyses were conducted to characterize the distribution, correlation, and interrelationships of plant height and ear height across variety types. A stratified threshold system for ear height was established based on empirical quantiles derived from plant height strata and corresponding ear height distributions. Adaptive performance and sources of phenotypic variation were assessed from two complementary perspectives: (1) inter-regional comparison across major ecological testing zones, and (2) intra-varietal cross-regional expression—i.e., phenotypic consistency or plasticity of the same variety grown in different environments. Temporal evolution of both traits over the 26-year period was further quantified. 【Result】Among 6 379 grain maize varieties, average plant height was 284.6 cm and average ear height was 109.0 cm. For 898 fresh maize (sweet and waxy) varieties, average plant height was 228.2 cm and average ear height was 89.9 cm. Silage maize (n=183) exhibited the tallest stature (average plant height= 302.0 cm; average ear height= 130.0 cm), whereas pop maize (n=42) averaged 245.9 cm in plant height and 112.8 cm in ear height. The ear height is divided into five grades: ultra-high ear position, high ear position, medium ear position, low ear position and ultra-low ear position, and the dividing lines are 138 cm, 108 cm, 87 cm and 51 cm respectively. Based on joint classification of plant height and ear height, grain maize predominantly fell into high and medium stem with high and medium ear position. Fresh maize clustered in medium and dwarf stem with medium and low ear position. Silage maize is mainly high stem with high ear position, and pop maize is primarily medium stem with high ear position. The statistical distribution of plant height in different ecological regions of the national regional test group showed a trend of increasing from the Dong-Nan spring-sowing regions (DN) to the medium maturity region of the Dong-Hua-Bei (DHB-M), and then decreasing to the Bei-Fang very early-maturity region (BF-VE). The ear height showed an increasing trend from the DN to the Xi-Nan (XN) and Xi-Bei (XB) spring-sowing regions. The Huang-Huai-Hai summer-sowing region (HHH), hosting the largest number of tested varieties, exhibited average plant and ear heights of 268.5 cm and 101.0 cm, respectively—predominantly medium stem and medium ear position. The second-ranked Dong-Hua-Bei spring-sowing region (DHB) were 293.3 cm and 113.7 cm, respectively, and were dominated by high stem and high ear position. Hierarchical clustering of both traits yielded congruent patterns: smaller plant architecture was observed in DN, HHH, Jing-Jin-Ji early-maturing (JJJ-E), Bei-Fang early-maturity region (BF-E), and BF-VE regions; larger plant architecture prevailed in XB, DHB, DHB-M, and Dong-Hua-Bei medium-early (DHB-ME) regions. Cross-regional phenotypic divergence increased significantly with geographical distance between the two ecological zones where the same variety was approved—most pronounced between DN and DHB, where DHB varieties averaged 54.6 cm taller in plant height and 35.8 cm higher in ear height than their DN counterparts. Notably, ear height demonstrated greater environmental sensitivity than plant height. Over the 26-year period, grain maize plant height increased modestly (average annual increment: 0.79 cm), whereas ear height declined steadily (average annual decrement: 0.19 cm). 【Conclusion】Distinct breeding objectives and divergent environmental selection pressures have driven substantial differentiation in plant architecture among maize market classes. Grain maize (the dominant category in China’s national variety portfolio) exhibits taller, bulkier architecture, reflecting a long-standing breeding emphasis on maximizing biomass accumulation for yield enhancement. In contrast, fresh maize prioritizes ear quality and harvest efficiency, resulting in shorter, which contains abundant dwarf germplasm resources to be fully excavated. Further investigation into environmental drivers (including photoperiod-temperature interactions and seasonal precipitation patterns during critical growth stages) is warranted to disentangle the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to phenotypic differentiation.

Key words: maize, variety approval, plant height, ear height, ecological region

YANG Yang, CHANG ShiHui, ZENG Bo, LI YuMing, ZHANG RuYang, XU TianJun, SUN Xuan, CHEN ChuanYong, CAO Qiang, WANG FengGe, ZHAO JiuRan. Analysis on the Composition Characteristics of Plant Height and Ear Height of Nationally Approved Maize Varieties and the Differences in Different Ecological Regions[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(21): 4729-4745.

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品种类型 Variety type	品次数 Variety record count	株高 Average plant height (cm)	株高变异系数 CV in plant height (%)	穗位高 Average ear height (cm)	穗位高变异系数 CV in ear height (%)	相关系数 Correlation coefficient
籽粒玉米 Grain maize	6379	284.6	7.20	109.0	10.47	0.77
鲜食玉米 Fresh maize	898	228.2	10.18	89.9	19.12	0.84
青贮玉米 Silage maize	183	302.0	5.74	130.0	10.84	0.78
爆裂玉米 Pop maize	42	245.9	6.80	112.8	10.02	0.79

株高等级 Plant height grade	株高范围 Plant height range (cm)	不同株高品次占比 Plant height proportion (%)	线性拟合方程 Linear fitting formula	穗位高等级 Ear height grade	穗位高范围 Ear height range (cm)	不同穗位高品次占比 Ear height proportion (%)
超高秆 Ultra-high stem	≥340.0	0.13	y=1.54x-386.85	超高穗位 Ultra-high ear position	≥138.0	1.25
高秆 High stem	280.0-340.0	52.75	y=0.44x-15.53	高穗位 High ear position	108.0-138.0	49.13
中秆 Medium stem	220.0-280.0	42.66	y=0.33x+14.11	中穗位 Medium ear position	87.0-108.0	42.43
矮秆 Dwarf stem	160.0-220.0	4.45	y=0.55x-37.05	低穗位 Low ear position	51.0-87.0	7.13
超矮秆 Ultra-dwarf stem	<160.0	0.01	—	超低穗位 Ultra-low ear position	<51.0	0.05

品种类型 Variety type	生态区 Ecological region	株高Plant height					穗位高Ear height
品种类型 Variety type	生态区 Ecological region	超矮秆 Ultra dwarf stem	矮秆 Dwarf stem	中秆 Medium stem	高秆 High stem	超高秆 Ultra high stem	超低穗位 Ultra-low ear position	低穗位 Low ear position	中穗位 Medium ear position	高穗位 High ear position	超高穗位 Ultra-high ear position
籽粒玉米 Grain maize	热带亚热带 RD			65	28				28	63	2
	东南春DN		2	27				2	20	7
	西南春XN		1	313	540			2	204	644	4
	黄淮海夏 HHH			1325	390			64	1320	329	2
	京津冀早熟 JJJ-E			68	39			1	74	32
	东华北春 DHB		2	194	773	1		2	241	717	10
	西北春XB			50	463			1	48	452	12
	东华北中熟 DHB-M			77	725	4			162	638	6
	东华北中早熟 DHB-ME			203	578			7	331	441	2
	北方早熟BF-E			98	154			6	182	63	1
	北方极早熟 BF-VE		5	171	83			59	172	28
鲜食玉米 Fresh maize	东南春DN		184	141			2	214	103	6
	西南春XN	1	73	137				80	112	19
	黄淮海夏 HHH		37	160	1			57	96	45
	东华北春DHB		25	125	14		2	39	73	44	6
青贮玉米 Silage maize	东南春DN				3					3
	西南春XN			2	76				1	63	14
	黄淮海夏 HHH			4	47				7	31	13
	西北春XB				13	1				8	6
	东华北春DHB			3	30	4				21	16

性状 Trait	平均回归系数 Mean β₁	回归系数平均标准误差 Mean SE of β₁	变异来源 Variation source	后验均值 Posterior mean value	95%置信区间 95% credible interval	方差分量占比 Percentage of variance (%)
株高 Plant height	0.59	0.22	品种遗传效应Genotype (G)	526.70	[424.50, 647.20]	41.3
			环境效应Environment (E)	683.20	[149.70, 1616.00]	53.6
			品种遗传与环境互作效应 Genotype×Environment (G×E)	4.12	[3.08×10^-4, 26.11]	0.3
			残差Residual	60.40	[39.07, 75.28]	4.7
穗位高 Ear height	0.99	0.34	品种遗传效应Genotype (G)	134.10	[106.80, 166.00]	30.6
			环境效应Environment (E)	275.30	[73.91, 625.40]	62.8
			品种遗传与环境互作效应 Genotype×Environment (G×E)	13.65	[1.30×10^-3, 26.11]	3.1
			残差Residual	14.93	[2.91, 30.33]	3.4

Analysis on the Composition Characteristics of Plant Height and Ear Height of Nationally Approved Maize Varieties and the Differences in Different Ecological Regions

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