长江上游油菜高产品系遗传改良与构型分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.02.003

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 The upper reaches of the Yangtze River represent one of China’s major rapeseed-producing regions, playing a pivotal role in ensuring the national supply of edible vegetable oil and improving the self-sufficiency rate of oil crops. However, the region is characterized by complex and variable climatic conditions, and traditional genetic improvement evaluation methods are highly susceptible to environmental interference, making it difficult to accurately track trends in varietal genetic potential. This study aimed to establish a method for tracing genetic improvement using annually top-yielding lines as representatives, thereby systematically revealing the genetic progress trajectory and agronomic trait evolution of rapeseed lines in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 2004 to 2023. The goal was to clarify the synergistic regulatory mechanisms of key agronomic traits in high-yield lines and provide theoretical support for high-yield and stable-yield rapeseed breeding. 【Method】 Annual top-yielding lines from the National Winter Rapeseed Regional Trials conducted in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 2004 to 2023 were selected as the study objects. A mixed linear model was used to separate environmental effects via the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) model. Linear regression, Pearson’s correlation analysis, standardized path analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were integrated to comprehensively assess yield genetic progress trends and trait variation patterns over the past two decades, and to construct a multi-trait synergistic regulation network. 【Result】 Both actual yield and BLUP-based yield of the rapeseed lines showed a significant upward trend from 2004 to 2023. The improvement of traits in high-yield lines exhibited clear stage-specific changes: from 2004-2013, breeding strategies emphasized compact plant type, with significant reductions in branching number, siliques per plant, and whole growth period; from 2014-2023, strategies shifted toward seed number type, with marked increases in siliques per plant and thousand-seed weight. Correlation and path analyses revealed that yield per plant is the core direct driving factor for enhancing population yield, while silique number per plant and branching number primarily contribute to population yield through indirect pathways via their effects on yield per plant. PCA revealed that the first five principal components all had eigenvalues greater than 1, cumulatively explaining 76% of the total variance. The PC1 axis, predominantly characterized by structural traits such as silique number per plant, branching number, and plant height, accounted for 29% of the variance, representing the primary dimension underlying inter-varietal differentiation, indicating a breeding trend from “single-trait breakthroughs” to “multi-factor synergy”. 【Conclusion】 The breeding focus for rapeseed in the upper Yangtze River has shifted from early-stage optimization of plant architecture toward late-stage enhancement of seed number. The study identified a high-yield model centered on yield per plant, supported by the coordinated improvement of branching number and siliques per plant, with balanced allocation to seed size traits. The lack of promotion area for high-yield varieties in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from 2004 to 2013 indicates that the breeding direction in this region should comprehensively consider oil production and lodging resistance, in order to achieve sustained break throughs in rapeseed yield under different ecological and management conditions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

Key words: rapeseed, BLUP, genetic improvement, high-yielding line, synergistic mechanism

YANG Rui, CHEN JingDong, HUANG Ying, XIE LingLi, ZHANG XueKun, ZHOU DengWen, LIU QingYun, XU JinSong, XU BenBo. Genetic Improvement and Configuration Analysis of High-Yield Rapeseed Lines in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(2): 250-264.

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Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1

Table 1

Statistical characteristics and coefficients of variation for major agronomic traits of the highest-yielding rapeseed lines in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (2004-2023)"

年份 Year	菌核病病指 Sclerotium index	株高 Plant height (cm)	分枝数 Branching number	单株角果数 Silique number per plant	每角粒数 Seed number per silique	千粒重 Thousand seeds weight (g)	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	全生育期 Whole growth period (d)	硫甙含量 Glucosinolate content (µmol·g^-1)	含油量 Oil content (%)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
2004	2.03	210.02	9.10	486.10	15.75	3.34	24.31	229.67	24.64	36.88	2411.50±152.39
2005	3.35	205.02	9.92	429.22	18.37	3.56	24.66	227.00	109.98	44.14	2608.83±168.98
2006	1.31	212.72	9.15	430.52	20.16	3.24	28.42	222.50	20.02	39.44	2653.33±132.24
2007	3.34	194.60	8.72	509.38	18.07	3.72	30.85	226.83	27.70	40.83	2808.33±135.13
2008	4.36	197.43	9.62	445.82	18.83	3.57	29.42	223.83	35.69	40.51	2745.83±121.48
2009	3.59	207.20	8.60	483.90	16.97	4.05	30.77	224.00	29.57	39.78	2838.83±131.54
2010	5.14	195.32	8.67	450.27	16.84	4.23	28.01	230.50	29.72	40.39	3108.67±167.14
2011	1.01	203.75	7.73	366.24	19.91	3.77	23.61	224.17	20.73	40.74	2694.83±199.79
2012	1.27	186.26	7.24	308.22	20.62	4.04	23.38	220.00	21.08	43.12	2852.80±215.20
2013	1.84	192.35	6.70	265.55	18.83	4.13	20.58	221.00	22.55	37.28	3011.50±251.33
2014	2.20	187.03	7.22	319.93	21.42	3.16	21.73	206.50	21.17	40.75	2927.40±180.34
2015	7.88	202.35	6.72	320.18	17.77	3.40	18.52	216.83	19.57	42.06	2837.17±233.09
2016	5.01	191.78	8.93	347.47	16.52	3.69	19.27	215.17	28.08	41.85	2924.17±283.79
2017	3.57	202.52	7.78	318.16	25.38	3.13	19.86	214.80	20.76	42.46	2786.40±150.37
2018	2.51	208.68	5.82	255.10	17.72	4.15	17.10	214.00	39.35	44.12	3078.33±196.57
2019	0.89	196.17	7.45	216.48	20.63	4.19	12.88	209.33	34.58	46.14	2841.17±177.64
2020	4.67	196.40	7.62	268.64	20.98	3.49	17.90	216.00	20.81	42.95	2886.00±132.45
2021	5.48	185.52	6.20	300.34	18.96	4.21	17.66	209.40	39.26	45.35	2776.60±117.67
2022	17.85	205.08	9.42	398.32	20.10	3.24	20.16	219.40	49.68	39.00	3134.80±422.14
2023	15.99	193.23	9.28	425.15	21.28	3.40	22.48	213.83	34.29	41.86	2996.50±238.17
平均值 Average	4.66	198.67	8.09	367.25	19.26	3.69	22.58	219.24	32.46	41.48	2846.15
最大值 Maximum	17.85	212.72	9.92	509.38	25.38	4.23	30.85	230.50	109.98	46.14	3134.80
最小值 Minimum	0.89	185.52	5.82	216.48	15.75	3.13	12.88	206.50	19.57	36.88	2411.50
标准差 STDEV	4.56	8.13	1.21	86.98	2.21	0.39	4.98	6.89	20.03	2.44	177.08
变异系数 CV (%)	97.81	4.09	14.89	23.68	11.49	10.48	22.04	3.14	61.70	5.87	6.22

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 4

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性状 Trait	斜率Slope
性状 Trait	2004-2023	2004-2013	2014-2023
菌核病病指Sclerotium index	0.0090	-0.0746	0.0675
株高Plant height	0.0071	-0.4473	-0.2764
分枝数Branching number	0.0089	-0.0742*	0.0379
单株角果数Silique number per plant	0.9342*	-3.7045**	1.7955**
每角粒数Seed number per silique	-0.0215	0.0838	-0.2311
千粒重Thousand seeds weight	-0.0129	0.0401*	0.0256
单株产量Yield per plant	-0.0204	-0.0096	-0.0363
全生育期Whole growth period	0.0322	-0.2791*	0.2387**
硫甙含量Glucosinolate content	-0.6253	-3.8843	1.9544
含油量Oil content	0.1496*	0.2122	0.2011
产量Yield	4.7836*	11.7442	5.6638

主成分 Principal component	特征值 Eigenvalue	贡献率 Contribution (%)	累计贡献率 Accumulative contribution rate (%)
PC1	3.21	29	29
PC2	1.47	13	42
PC3	1.41	13	55
PC4	1.30	12	67
PC5	1.09	10	76
PC6	0.86	8	84
PC7	0.54	5	89
PC8	0.46	4	93
PC9	0.32	3	96
PC10	0.30	3	99
PC11	0.12	1	100

Genetic Improvement and Configuration Analysis of High-Yield Rapeseed Lines in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River

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