黄淮地区玉米大豆复合种植模式的综合效益评估

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.23.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Based on of “High-Yield and High-Efficiency Maize-Soybean Intercropping Technology R&D and Integrated Demonstration” project of National Key Research and Development Program in the 14th Five-Year Plan seven demonstration sites were established across Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu Provinces. Key technology research and integrated demonstrations were conducted. To comprehensively evaluate the yield performance, economic benefits, and ecological effects of the project demonstration sites, this study conducted a systematic assessment using neighboring farmers as a control, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing maize-soybean intercropping in the region. 【Method】 A comprehensive evaluation index system was established, covering three dimensions: yield, economy, and ecology. Through field surveys in seven demonstration sites and their neighboring farms, the differences in overall benefits of maize-soybean intercropping between the demonstration fields and local farmers were assessed. 【Result】 For yield, the intercropping in the demonstration fields was about 10% to 19% higher compared with neighboring farmers. In terms of economic benefits, the net output value per unit area in the demonstration sites was 5% to 21% higher on average. However, input costs increased by 7% to 15%, resulting in a net benefit per unit area only 2% to 18% higher. From an ecological perspective, the carbon footprint of the demonstration areas was approximately 9% to 34% higher than that of surrounding farmers, and the nitrogen footprint was 5% to 45% higher. This was mainly due to the increased use of fertilizers and diesel to ensure high yields. Based on the differences in yield, economic, and ecological dimensions between surrounding farmers and the demonstration areas, the CVI (comprehensive variation index) levels of all seven demonstration areas were at a moderate difference level (corresponding value of level 3). Among them, the ECI (economic convergence index) performed well (levels 3 to 4), especially with the smallest land output rate differences (the North Shandong, North Anhui, and North Jiangsu regions reaching the optimal level 5). This further proved that although surrounding farmers had lower yields and land output, the high inputs in the demonstration areas reduced the unit output efficiency, objectively narrowing the net profit gap with surrounding farmers and supporting the higher ECI value. The main limitation for the improvement of the comprehensive index in all regions was the relatively low yield, as the YCI (yield convergence index) of all regions concentrated at the poor level of 1 to 2. 【Conclusion】 The technological innovation and application of the project had a positive effect on promoting the yield and economic benefits of maize and soybean intercropping in the Huang-Huai region. But its sustainable promotion still faces challenges, such as rising costs and increasing ecological pressure. Finding ways to reduce costs and improve efficiency was therefore a key focus for the next stage of technological innovation.

Key words: Huang-Huai region, maize-soybean intercropping, yield, economic benefits, ecological impacts, empirical analysis

YANG ShuQi, ZHAO YingXing, QIAN Xin, ZHANG XuePeng, MENG WeiWei, SUI Peng, LI ZongXin, CHEN YuanQuan. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Maize-Soybean Intercropping Pattern in the Huang-Huai Region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(23): 4936-4951.

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省份 Province	调研主体 Survey subject	调研地点 Survey location	调研覆盖面积 Survey coverage area (hm²)	调研数量 Number of survey sites
山东 Shandong	鲁西北-项目示范区 Northwest Shandong-demonstration zone 鲁西北-周边种植户 Northwest Shandong-surrounding farmers	山东省德州市齐河县、禹城市 Dezhou city, Shandong: Qihe county, Yucheng city	1996	85
	鲁中-项目示范区 Central Shandong-project demonstration zone 鲁中-周边种植户 Central Shandong-surrounding farmers	山东省泰安市肥城县 Taian city, Shandong: Feicheng county
	鲁东-项目示范区 Eastern Shandong-project demonstration zone 鲁东-周边种植户 Eastern Shandong-surrounding farmers	山东省烟台市莱州市 Yantai city, Shandong: Laizhou city
安徽 Anhui	皖北-项目示范区 Northern Anhui-project demonstration zone 皖北-周边种植户 Northern Anhui-surrounding farmers	安徽省阜阳市太和县 Fuyang city, Anhui: Taihe county	365	25
江苏 Jiangsu	苏北-项目示范区 Northern Jiangsu-project demonstration zone 苏北-周边种植户 Northern Jiangsu-surrounding farmers	江苏省连云港市东海县 Lianyungang city, Jiangsu: Donghai county	347	23
河南 Henan	豫南-项目示范区 Southern Henan-project demonstration zone 豫南-周边种植户 Southern Henan-surrounding farmers	河南省周口市商水县 Zhoukou city, Henan: Shangshui county	878	39
河南 Henan	豫中-项目示范区 Central Henan-project demonstration zone 豫中-周边种植户 Central Henan-surrounding farmers	河南省许昌市建安区 Xuchang city, Henan: Jian’an district	878	39

项目示范区 Project demonstration zone	种植面积 Planting area (hm²)	玉米株距 Maize spacing (cm)	大豆株距 Soybean spacing(cm)	玉米大豆带间距 Strip distance (cm)	玉米行距 Maize row spacing (cm)	大豆行距 Soybean row spacing (cm)	玉米行数 Maize rows number	大豆行数 Soybean rows number	玉米品种 Maize variety	大豆品种 Soybean variety
鲁西北 Northwest Shandong	17	10	8	70	60	40	4	6	中间行：立原296；边行：MY73 Border rows: Liyuan 296; Inner rows: MY73	齐黄34 Qihuang 34
鲁中 Central Shandong	14	10	8	65	40-80-40	40	4	4	登海605 Denghai 605	徐豆18 Xudou 18
鲁东 Eastern Shandong	13	边行12，内行14 Border rows: 12, inner rows: 14	6	70	40-80-40	40	4	4	金来705 Jinlai 705	潍豆20 Weidou 20
皖北 Northern Anhui	6	10	10	80	60-80-60	40	4	6	庐玉9105 Luyu 9105	皖豆37 Wandou 37
苏北 Northern Jiangsu	13	12.5	7	70	45-80-45	30	4	4	苏玉34 Suyu 34	齐黄34 Qihuang 34
豫中 Central Henan	13	8	10	80	40-80-40	40	4	4	金子弹1号 Jinzidan 1	菏豆21 Hedou 21
豫南 Southern Henan	13	10	8	80	50-80-50	40	4	6	M712	长义豆3号 Changyidou 3

示范区周边种植户 Surround farmers	种植面积 Planting area (hm²)	玉米株距 Maize spacing (cm)	大豆株距 Soybean spacing (cm)	玉米大豆带间距 Strip distance (cm)	玉米行距 Maize row spacing (cm)	大豆行距 Soybean row spacing (cm)	玉米行数 Maize rows number	大豆行数 Soybean rows number	玉米品种 Maize variety	大豆品种 Soybean variety
鲁西北 Northwest Shandong	27,[1,153]	13,[6,25]	9,[5,16]	64,[40,90]	54,[40,70]	40,[20,70]	3,[2,8]	4,[2,8]	登海605、金来70、金海1908 Denghai 605, Jinlai 705, Jinhai 1908	齐黄34、潍豆20、菏豆22 Qihuang 34, Weidou 20, Hedou 22
鲁中 Central Shandong	18,[2,53]	15,[8,20]	10,[6,13]	63,[40,80]	55,[40,65]	43,[30,60]	4,[2,6]	4,[2,6]
鲁东 Eastern Shandong	19,[8,41]	12,[10,13]	9,[8,10]	65,[60,70]	62,[60,65]	40,[40,40]	4,[4,4]	5,[4,6]
皖北 Northern Anhui	17,[2,33]	13,[8,20]	10,[5,15]	70,[60,80]	54,[40,70]	42,[30,60]	3,[2,6]	4,[2,6]	黎民518、登海605、庐玉9105 Limin 518. Denghai 605. Luyu 9105	皖宿2156、皖豆37、齐黄34 Wansu 2156, Wandou 37, Qihuang 34
苏北 Northern Jiangsu	16,[6,48]	13,[10,20]	11,[7,20]	70,[60,80]	60,[40,80]	41,[30,60]	4,[2,4]	5,[2,6]	连单761、红旗968、苏玉42 Liandan 761, Hongqi 968, Suyu 42	徐豆18、徐豆20、齐黄34 Xudou 18, Xudou 20, Qihuang 34
豫中 Central Henan	23,[3,160]	14,[10,20]	11,[5,20]	66,[40,80]	56,[30,80]	41,[30,80]	4,[2,4]	5,[4,6]	MY73、豪玉16、登海618 MY73, Haoyu 16, Denghai 618	周豆25、长义豆3号、中黄301 Zhoudu 25, Changyidou 3, Zhonghuang 301
豫南 Southern Henan	15,[1,55]	13,[10,20]	10,[8,15]	66,[60,70]	58,[40,65]	40,[30,60]	4,[2,8]	5,[4,6]	MY73、豪玉16、登海618 MY73, Haoyu 16, Denghai 618	周豆25、长义豆3号、中黄301 Zhoudu 25, Changyidou 3, Zhonghuang 301

示范区周边种植户 Surround farmer	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	钾肥 Potash fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	除草剂 Herbicide (kg·hm^-2)	杀虫剂 Insecticide (kg·hm^-2)	杀菌剂 Fungicide (kg·hm^-2)	化控剂 Plant growth regulator (kg·hm^-2)	机械 Machinery (h·hm^-2)	人力 Labor (h·hm^-2)
鲁西北 Northwest Shandong	233,[173,284]	80,[50,101]	72,[53,89]	2,[2,4]	0.4,[0.3,0.6]	0.2,[0.1,0.6]	0.02,[0,0.2]	22,[10,31]	90,[37,135]
鲁中 Central Shandong	227,[194,330]	84,[45,129]	77,[23,129]	2,[1,3]	0.4,[0.3,0.8]	0.2,[0.2,0.5]	0.02,[0,0.1]	24,[13,34]	97,[51,152]
鲁东 Eastern Shandong	284,[245,344]	83,[80,87]	81,[75,87]	2,[2,3]	0.4,[0.3,0.7]	0.2,[0.2,0.3]	0.1,[0,0.1]	21,[11,28]	94,[74,122]
皖北 Northern Anhui	239,[188,347]	76,[48,96]	72,[48,96]	2,[1,3]	0.4,[0.3,0.8]	0.2,[0.1,0.3]	0.03,[0,0.2]	20,[10,37]	87,[37,141]
苏北 Northern Jiangsu	228,[177,261]	78,[60,95]	72,[60,91]	2,[2,3]	0.4,[0.3,0.7]	0.2,[0.2,0.5]	0.02,[0,0.2]	23,[11,35]	92,[61,118]
豫中 Central Henan	219,[177,299]	72,[45,92]	71,[53,99]	2,[1,3]	0.4,[0.3,0.6]	0.2,[0.1,0.6]	0.02,[0,0.1]	17,[8,31]	83,[29,142]
豫南 Southern Henan	228,[197,315]	78,[75,96]	71,[63,80]	2,[2,2]	0.4,[0.3,0.5]	0.2,[0.1,0.3]	0.03,[0,0.1]	18,[8,27]	83,[29,142]

项目 Category		单位 Unit	排放系数 Emission factor (kg CO₂-eq·kg^-1)	来源 Source
种子Seed	玉米 Maize	kg	1.93	CLCD v0.7^[29]
种子Seed	大豆Soybean	kg	0.37	CPCD^[30]
化肥Fertilizer	氮肥 Nitrogenous fertilizer	kg	7.76	^[31]
	磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer		2.33
	钾肥 Potash fertilizer		0.66
农药Pesticide	除草剂Herbicide	kg a.i.	16.61	Ecoinvent v2.2^[32]
	杀虫剂Insecticide		10.15
	杀菌剂Fungicide		10.50
	化控剂Plant growth regulator		12.40
电Electricity		kWh	0.82	CLCD v0.7^[29]
柴油Diesel		l	4.99	CLCD v0.7^[29]
机械Machinery		MJ	0.07	^[33]
人力Labor		h	0.04	CLCD v0.7^[29]

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Maize-Soybean Intercropping Pattern in the Huang-Huai Region

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项目示范区 Project demonstration zone	氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	钾肥 Potash fertilizer (kg·hm^-2)	除草剂 Herbicide (kg·hm^-2)	杀虫剂 Insecticide (kg·hm^-2)	杀菌剂 Fungicide (kg·hm^-2)	化控剂 Plant growth regulator (kg·hm^-2)	机械 Machinery (h·hm^-2)	人力 Labor (h·hm^-2)
鲁西北 Northwest Shandong	315	95	95	4	0.4	0.2	0.09	29	105
鲁中 Central Shandong	305	78	86	3	0.4	0.3	0.10	25	114
鲁东 Eastern Shandong	335	90	90	3	0.4	0.3	0.09	23	97
皖北 Northern Anhui	302	78	78	2	0.4	0.2	0	21	89
苏北 Northern Jiangsu	319	85	81	3	0.4	0.2	0.12	31	127
豫中 Central Henan	335	84	84	3	0.4	0.2	0.10	21	86
豫南 Southern Henan	327	86	83	3	0.4	0.2	0.11	18	87

项目 Machinery item	单位重量 Unit weight (kg)	使用时长 Operating duration (h)	田间工作效率 Field efficiency (%)	动力来源 Power source
犁耕机Plowing tiller	208	1500	65	柴油Diesel
收获机械 Harvester	550	2000	70	柴油Diesel
植保机Crop sprayer	50	750	85	柴油Diesel
水泵Water pump	12	1500	55	电力Electric

项目 Category		单位 Unit	排放系数 Emission Factor (kg N-eq·kg^-1)	来源 Source
柴油Diesel		kg	0.08×10^-3	^[33]
柴油燃烧Diesel combustion		kg	4.58×10^-3	^[33]
化肥Fertilizer	氮肥 Nitrogenous fertilizer	kg	0.89×10^-3	CLCD v0.7^[29]
	磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer		0.54×10^-3
	钾肥 Potash fertilizer		0.03×10^-3
农药Pesticide	除草剂Herbicide	kg a.i.	3.53×10^-3	IKE eBalance v3.0^[38]
	杀虫剂Insecticide		7.05×10^-3
	杀菌剂Fungicide		4.49×10^-3
	化控剂Plant growth regulator		4.69×10^-3
电Electricity		kWh	0.12×10^-3
种子Seed	玉米 Maize	kg	0.76×10^-3	Ecoinvent v2.2^[32]
种子Seed	大豆Soybean	kg	6.50×10^-3	Ecoinvent v2.2^[32]

一级指标 Indicator	指标参数 Parameter	计算方法 Calculation method
产量趋近指数 Yield convergence index (YCI）	复合种植总产量 Total intercropping yield	单位面积复合玉米产量+单位面积复合大豆产量 Maize yield per unit area+soybean yield per unit area
经济趋近指数 Economic convergence index (ECI）	土地产值 Land output value	单位面积产量×市场价格 (Yield per unit area×market price)
	土地产出率 Land productivity ratio	单位面积产量×市场价格-成本投入 (Yield per unit area×market price)-cost input
	系统投入System cost	成本投入 Total cost input
生态友好指数 Eco-friendliness index (EFI）	单位面积氮足迹Nitrogen footprint	见1.2.2 See section 1.2.2
生态友好指数 Eco-friendliness index (EFI）	单位面积碳足迹Carbon footprint	见1.2.2 See section 1.2.2

调研地区 Survey region	复合种植总产量 Total intercropping yield	复合玉米产量 Intercropped maize yield	复合大豆产量 Intercropped soybean yield	产量趋近指数 Yield convergence index (YCI)
鲁西北-项目示范区Northwest Shandong-project demonstration zone	11145	9165	1980	0.3
鲁西北-周边种植户Northwest Shandong- surrounding farmers	9446,[8565,10355]	7880,[7253,8370]	1566,[1200,2100]	0.3
鲁中-项目示范区Central Shandong-project demonstration zone	11570	9525	2045	0.2
鲁中-周边种植户Central Shandong-surrounding farmers	9374,[8970,9810]	7801,[7350,8301]	1573,[1275,1950]	0.2
鲁东-项目示范区Eastern Shandong-project demonstration zone	11205	9180	2025	0.2
鲁东-周边种植户Eastern Shandong-surrounding farmers	9405,[8970,9810]	7940,[7650,8370]	1465,[1200,1650]	0.2
皖北-项目示范区Northern Anhui-project demonstration zone	10755	8955	1800	0.4
皖北-周边种植户Northern Anhui-surrounding farmers	9664,[8565,10230]	8093,[7545,8595]	1571,[1305,1755]	0.4
苏北-项目示范区Northern Jiangsu-project demonstration zone	10995	9195	1920	0.3
苏北-周边种植户Northern Jiangsu-surrounding farmers	9372,[8715,9750]	7899,[7470,8190]	1473,[1245,1620]	0.3
豫中-项目示范区Central Henan-project demonstration zone	11145	9180	1965	0.3
豫中-周边种植户Central Henan- surrounding farmers	9187,[8355,9660]	7677,[7125,7935]	1510,[1230,1770]	0.3
豫南-项目示范区Southern Henan-project demonstration zone	11430	9510	1920	0.4
豫南-周边种植户Southern Henan- surrounding farmers	9418,[8310,10050]	7928,[7005,8430]	1491,[1275,1620]	0.4

调研地区 Survey region	土地产值 Land output value	土地产出率 Land productivity ratio	系统投入 System cost	经济趋近指数 Economic convergence index (ECI)
鲁西北-项目示范区Northwest Shandong-project demonstration zone	29353	9925	19428	0.7
鲁西北-周边种植户Northwest Shandong-surrounding farmers	27224,[23569,30352]	9104,[4934,13016]	18114,[16915,19299]	0.7
鲁中-项目示范区Central Shandong-project demonstration zone	32551	9917	19906	0.6
鲁中-周边种植户Central Shandong- surrounding farmers	26818[24369,28831]	9025,[6012,11974]	17793,[16558,19000]	0.6
鲁东-项目示范区Eastern Shandong-project demonstration zone	29531	9396	20135	0.7
鲁东-周边种植户Eastern Shandong-surrounding farmers	25982,[24597,27289]	8425,[7019,9411]	17550,[17200,17879]	0.7
皖北-项目示范区Northern Anhui-project demonstration zone	29381	8946	20435	0.8
皖北-周边种植户Northern Anhui-surrounding farmers	28096,[23848,30259]	8675,[5376,12309]	17986,[16743,19721]	0.8
苏北-项目示范区Northern Jiangsu-project demonstration zone	29902	9660	20242	0.7
苏北-周边种植户Northern Jiangsu-surrounding farmers	27375,[24926,31166]	9418,[5926,13380]	17950,[16886,19100]	0.7
豫中-项目示范区Central Henan-project demonstration zone	30966	10260	20706	0.5
豫中-周边种植户Central Henan- surrounding farmers	26461,[23862,29367]	8368,[5448,11038]	18093,[17093,18743]	0.5
豫南-项目示范区Southern Henan-project demonstration zone	30609	11081	19535	0.6
豫南-周边种植户Southern Henan- surrounding farmers	27332,[23898,29745]	9318,[5341,12152]	18007,[16872,19192]	0.6

地区 Survey region	产量趋近指数等级 YCI level	经济趋近指数等级 ECI level				生态友好指数等级 EFI level			综合差异指数等级 CVI level
地区 Survey region	复合种植总产量 Total intercropping yield	土地产值 Land output value	土地产出率 Land productivity ratio	系统投入 Cost	ECI	单位面积氮足迹 Nitrogen footprint	单位面积碳足迹 Carbon footprint	EFI	综合差异指数等级 CVI level
鲁西北-周边种植户 Northwest Shandong-surrounding farmers	2	4	5	3	4	3	4	3	3
鲁中-周边种植户 Central Shandong-surrounding farmers	1	2	4	4	3	4	3	3	3
鲁东-周边种植户 Eastern Shandong-surrounding farmers	1	4	3	5	4	2	3	3	3
皖北-周边种植户 Northern Anhui-surrounding farmers	2	4	5	4	4	2	3	2	3
苏北-周边种植户 Northern Jiangsu-surrounding farmers	2	3	5	4	4	4	4	4	3
豫中-周边种植户 Central Henan-surrounding farmers	2	2	3	4	3	3	4	4	3
豫南-周边种植户 Southern Henan-surrounding farmers	2	3	4	3	3	4	4	4	3

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