增密和株行距优化提高西辽河平原沙地滴灌玉米的产量与水氮利用效率

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.14.005

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】Reasonable increase of planting density and row spacing configuration is an important way to achieve high yield and high efficiency of maize. In order to provide the technical basis for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of drip irrigation maize in sandy land, the effects of dense planting and row spacing configuration on maize yield and water and fertilizer utilization efficiency in sandy land were studied under drip irrigation condition in Xiliaohe Plain.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in Naiman Banner of Inner Mongolia in 2023 and 2024, and 'Zhengdan 958' was used as the test maize variety. Two planting densities: 60 000 plants/hm² (D1) and 90 000 plants/hm² (D2) and seven row spacing treatments: 60 cm+60 cm (L₆₀₊₆₀, CK), 40 cm+ 80 cm (L₄₀₊₈₀), 30 cm+90 cm (L₃₀₊₉₀), 30 cm+80 cm (L₃₀₊₈₀), 40 cm+70 cm (L₄₀₊₇₀), 30 cm+70 cm (L₃₀₊₇₀) and 20 cm+70 cm (L₂₀₊₇₀) were set. The effects of planting density and row spacing on maize yield, dry matter production, photosynthetic performance and water and nitrogen use efficiency under drip irrigation in sandy land were systematically analyzed.【Result】Planting density and row spacing significantly affected the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of drip-irrigated maize in sandy land. In the two-year experiment, L₃₀₊₇₀ and L₃₀₊₈₀ obtained higher yield under D2 density, which were 15.6 and 15.5 t·hm^-2, respectively. The water use efficiency (WUE) reached 2.57 and 2.55 kg·m^-3, respectively, and the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer (PFP_N) reached 57.8 and 57.2 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Among them, the yield difference between L₃₀₊₈₀ and L₃₀₊₉₀ in 2023 did not reach a significant level, and the yield was 18.2% and 17.0% higher than that of L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The dry matter accumulation at silking stage (DMAS), dry matter accumulation at maturity stage (DMAM), dry matter accumulation after anthesis (DMAAS) and harvest index (HI) increased by 49.5%, 75.0%, 97.6%, 18.3% and 45.1%, 73.3%, 96.8%, 19.3% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The total photosynthetic potential increased by 33.6% and 30.1% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀ during the growth period. The light transmittance (Tr) of the bottom layer and ear layer decreased by 51.7%, 27.5% and 37.9%, 20.9% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. The photosynthetic rate (Pn) of ear leaf at silking stage (R1) and maturity stage (R6) increased by 61.0%, 60.3% and 61.5%, 59.4%, respectively. WUE and PFPN increased by 19.7%, 17.8% and 21.1%, 16.8% compared with L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively. In 2024, there was no significant difference in yield between L₃₀₊₇₀ and L₃₀₊₈₀, which was 14.3% and 13.8% higher than that of L₆₀₊₆₀, respectively; DMAS, DMAM, DMAAS and HI increased by 56.6%, 87.0%, 118.4%, 28.9% and 52.1%, 81.0%, 114.6%, 29.0%, respectively; the total photosynthetic potential increased significantly by 65.9% and 63.0% during the growth period, respectively; the Tr of the bottom layer and the ear layer decreased by 53.8%, 24.9% and 52.1%, 22.8%; the Pn of ear leaf of R1 and R6 increased by 18.7%, 86.6% and 65.6%, 86.2%, respectively. WUE and PFP_N increased by 18.7%, 13.6% and 18.9%, 14.1%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that maize yield was significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight, grain number per spike, number of harvested spikes, HI, WUE and PFP_N. DMAS and DMAAS were significantly positively correlated with grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, LAD before anthesis, LAD after anthesis and Pn, and negatively correlated with Tr.【Conclusion】Under the condition of drip irrigation and fertilizer integration in the sandy land of Xiliaohe Plain, the interaction between planting density and row spacing mainly affected the grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize by affecting the light transmittance of maize population, leaf photosynthetic capacity, dry matter accumulation and LAD. Therefore, the high yield and water and nitrogen production efficiency could be obtained by reasonably increasing the density of high-yield varieties to 90 000 plants/hm² and wide-narrow row spacing of 30 cm+70/80 cm.

Key words: sandy land, drip-irrigated maize, plant row spacing, yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency

LI XiaoHong, WANG KeRu, ZHANG GuoQiang, MING Bo, XUE Jun, FANG Liang, ZHANG TingTing, YE JianQuan, LI ShaoKun. Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Plant Row Spacing to Improve Yield Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Maize in Sandy Areas of the Xiliaohe Plain[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2025, 58(14): 2766-2781.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Changes of dry matter accumulation and HI of maize under different planting density and row spacing treatments in sandy land"

年份 Year	密度 Density	株行距 Plant row spacing	吐丝期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation before silking (t·hm^-2)	成熟期干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation at maturity (t·hm^-2)	花后干物质积累量 Dry matter accumulation after anthesis (t·hm^-2)	花后干物质积累率 Dry matter accumulation rate after anthesis (%)	收获指数 HI
2023	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	6.96±0.07b	16.28±0.15b	9.32±0.11b	57.23±0.33b	0.52±0.01b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	7.88±0.14a	20.11±0.47a	12.23±0.33a	60.80±0.26a	0.57±0.01a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	5.45±0.22c	11.23±0.29c	5.78±0.07c	51.44±0.74c	0.49±0.02c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	8.33±0.15a	20.56±0.16a	12.23±0.14a	59.50±0.59a	0.56±0.01a
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.94±0.28b	21.14±0.04b	12.45±0.19b	58.91±1.01b	0.49±0.02b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	11.05±0.23a	28.71±0.34a	17.37±0.08a	61.13±0.37a	0.53±0.01a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	7.59±0.14c	17.14±0.25c	9.54±0.11c	55.70±0.20c	0.44±0.01c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	11.10±0.15a	28.60±0.25a	17.51±0.23a	61.21±0.47a	0.53±0.01a
2024	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.01±0.19b	17.09±0.42b	9.08±0.25b	53.13±0.44b	0.52±0.01b
		L₄₀₊₇₀	8.01±0.33b	17.73±0.67b	9.71±0.35b	54.81±0.22b	0.52±0.02b
		L₆₀₊₆₀	6.52±0.03c	12.86±0.27c	6.34±0.29c	49.22±1.26c	0.46±0.01c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	10.14±0.34a	23.78±0.84a	14.32±0.50a	58.55±0.04a	0.57±0.02a
		L₃₀₊₇₀	10.06±0.03a	24.34±0.23a	14.48±0.20a	59.01±0.42a	0.57±0.01a
		L₂₀₊₇₀	7.16±0.30c	13.95±0.27c	6.80±0.23c	48.73±1.61c	0.47±0.01c
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	9.81±0.20b	22.53±0.31b	12.72±0.23b	56.47±0.65b	0.47±0.01b
		L₄₀₊₇₀	9.92±0.38b	22.65±0.66b	12.73±0.28b	56.25±0.41b	0.47±0.01b
		L₆₀₊₆₀	8.30±0.34c	17.26±0.53c	8.96±0.27c	51.94±0.95c	0.40±0.03c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	12.34±0.67a	30.56±1.23a	18.21±0.57a	59.66±0.58a	0.54±0.01a
		L₃₀₊₇₀	13.19±0.27a	31.87±0.31a	18.68±0.04a	58.63±0.44a	0.53±0.01a
		L₂₀₊₇₀	8.60±0.24c	18.27±0.57c	9.66±0.33c	52.87±0.19c	0.41±0.01b
年份Year (Y)			**	**	**	**	*
密度Density (D)			**	**	**	**	**
株行距Plant row spacing (P)			**	**	**	**	**
年份×密度 Y×D			*	**	**	**	**
年份×株行距 Y×P			**	**	**	**	**
密度×株行距 D×P			*	**	**	**	**
年份×密度×株行距 Y×D×P			NS	NS	*	NS	NS

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

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年份 Year	密度 Density	株行距 Plant row spacing	收获穗数 Harvest Ears per ha (×10⁴·hm^-2)	穗粒数 Kernel number per ear	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	产量 Yield (t·hm^-2)
2023	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	5.89±0.01a	591.33±21.34a	373.93±3.67b	12.87±0.05b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	5.61±0.24a	603.60±8.73a	421.97±2.40a	13.82±0.01a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	5.67±0.10a	526.13±11.48b	309.83±4.71c	11.83±0.02c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	5.42±0.19a	614.87±21.80a	432.40±1.18a	13.99±0.14a
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.89±0.06a	569.60±3.94a	339.00±2.52b	14.62±0.08b
		L₃₀₊₉₀	8.72±0.05a	578.13±28.98a	359.00±4.04a	15.07±0.07a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	8.83±0.01a	448.40±50.24b	308.03±3.65c	12.90±0.03c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	8.83±0.29a	598.40±31.95a	371.07±6.71a	15.15±0.12a
2024	D1	L₄₀₊₈₀	5.35±0.21a	550.53±22.74b	390.80±0.95b	12.79±0.03b
		L₄₀₊₇₀	5.72±0.21a	558.20±2.00b	409.30±3.62b	12.90±0.01b
		L₆₀₊₆₀	5.53±0.31a	491.77±6.70c	318.43±5.54d	12.26±0.03c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	5.43±0.20a	636.40±21.19a	436.70±5.66a	13.83±0.10a
		L₃₀₊₇₀	5.52±0.13a	640.27±10.70a	442.03±5.06a	13.83±0.02a
		L₂₀₊₇₀	5.31±0.13a	496.13±10.31c	344.07±11.01c	12.31±0.04c
	D2	L₄₀₊₈₀	8.90±0.42a	519.60±3.20b	357.63±1.88b	15.13±0.14a
		L₄₀₊₇₀	8.91±0.12a	513.07±6.78b	371.20±2.10b	15.14±0.03a
		L₆₀₊₆₀	8.72±0.70a	455.20±21.70c	301.20±3.61d	13.64±0.05c
		L₃₀₊₈₀	8.88±0.72a	561.87±10.10a	406.50±11.49a	15.73±0.15b
		L₃₀₊₇₀	8.78±0.81a	568.53±14.54a	421.20±4.01a	15.60±0.03b
		L₂₀₊₇₀	8.90±0.91a	463.87±11.00c	334.87±4.81c	13.60±0.03c
年份Year			NS	**	**	**
密度Density			**	**	**	**
株行距Plant row spacing			NS	**	**	**
年份×密度Year×Density			NS	NS	*	**
年份×株行距Year×Plant row spacing			NS	NS	**	**
密度×株行距Density×Plant row spacing			NS	NS	**	**
年份×密度×株行距 Year×Density×Plant row spacing			NS	NS	**	NS

Increasing Planting Density and Optimizing Plant Row Spacing to Improve Yield Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Irrigated Maize in Sandy Areas of the Xiliaohe Plain

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变异来源 Source of variation	光合势LAD (m²·d^-1·m^-2)
变异来源 Source of variation	花前 Pre-silking	花后 Post-silking	全生育期Whole growth period
年份Year (Y)	**	**	**
密度Density (D)	**	**	**
株行距Plant row spacing (P)	**	**	**
年份×密度 Y×D	NS	**	**
年份×株行距 Y×P	*	**	**
密度×株行距 D×P	NS	**	**
年份×密度×株行距 Y×D×P	NS	NS	NS

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