Scientia Agricultura Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (8): 1469-1489.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.08.005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY·AGRICULTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Remote Sensing Detection of Cropping System and Its Spatial-Temporal Pattern in China

ZHANG SuXin1(), SHEN Ge2, YU QiangYi1(), WU WenBin1   

  1. 1 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land of Northern China/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081
    2 Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018
  • Received:2023-07-07 Accepted:2023-10-09 Online:2024-04-16 Published:2024-04-24
  • Contact: YU QiangYi

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Abstract:

【Objective】Cropping systems of cropland are the concrete embodiment of the mode of agricultural production, which reflect the coupled human-environment interactions. The formation is affected by natural resource elements and human land use behavior. This study aims to scientifically understand the spatial-temporal pattern of cropping systems, which helps to optimize agricultural distribution, improve agricultural production capacity, and realize the sustainable agriculture. 【Method】This study combined remote sensing monitoring with spatial decision tree models and other means to construct an inter-annual detection method system for cropping systems, which is designed for Chinese agricultural conditions, and then spatial pattern of cropping systems was analyzed. Firstly, the connotation of cropping systems was defined by identifying concepts such as cropping intensity, multiple cropping index, and considering of characteristics of “long-lasting” “periodicity” “stability”. Secondly, the indicators (i.e. continuity and frequency) were constructed, and were calculated at the pixel scale by the moving time window. Finally, the significance of the cropping intensity and characteristics of cropping system was evaluated. The decision tree method was also applied to determine the type of cropping systems, and the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of cropping systems in different regions was analyzed from the aspects of regional differences and dynamic laws. 【Result】 (1) Quantitatively, the largest area, 53.52%, is occupied by the single-cropping system, followed by the double-cropping system at 23.28%, the seasonal fallow system (i.e. 3 crops in 2 years) and the annual fallow system at 12.80% and 6.94%, respectively. (2) Spatially, the single-cropping system, double-cropping system, seasonal fallow system and annual fallow system are concentrated in Northeast China, North China, South of Yangtze River and “Sickle Bend” areas, respectively. (3) Temporally, it revealed the heterogeneity of cropping system and static multiple cropping index in the time dimension. For example, the regions with multiple cropping index of 1 in 2018 consist of 75.18% single-cropping system, 6.60% double-cropping system, 8.92% seasonal fallow system and 8.02% annual fallow system. 【Conclusion】This study proposed a method for mapping inter-annual cropping systems, combining remote sensing temporal monitoring and spatial decision tree models. It revealed the spatial pattern of cropping systems which is gathered by zone and cropping intensity is higher in the south and lower in the north. The Songnen Plain, “Sickle Bend” and other spatial gathering areas were intuitively displayed. Also, the differences between multi-cropping and cropping system were compared, which were mainly manifested in the spatial inconsistency between the cropping system and the annual multiple cropping index, as well as the periodicity of the cropping system. The results will provide case support for rationally increasing the cropland multi-cropping intensity and promoting the implementation of the “grain storage in the ground” strategy.

Key words: cropland, cropping system, multiple cropping, land fallow and crop rotation, inter-annual, spatial-temporal pattern

Fig. 1

The multiple cropping index of China in 2018"

Fig. 2

Changes in annual average multiple cropping index from 2001 to 2018"

Fig. 3

Changes in proportion of multiple cropping index from 2001 to 2018"

Fig. 4

Framework of the inter-annual cropping system classification method"

Fig. 5

The spatial and quantitative characteristics of cropping intensity"

Table 1

Proportion of each range of average cropping intensity"

年均种植强度<BOLD>A</BOLD>verage cropping intensity [0,1) 1 (1,2) 2 (2,3]
占比Proportion (%) 16.93 24.72 48.74 8.52 1.09

Fig. 6

The spatial distribution for continuity of cropping systems"

Fig. 7

The spatial distribution for frequency of cropping systems"

Fig. 8

The spatial and quantitative characteristics of cropping systems"

Fig. 9

The comparison of cropping systems and multiple cropping index"

Fig. 10

Breakdown of the types of cropping systems in the single-cropping zone in 2018"

Table 2

Consistency of cropping systems from 2001 to 2018 and cropping systems from 2001 to 2021"

参照
Reference		 比较
Comparison		 2001—2021年种植制度
Cropping systems from 2001 to 2021
2001—2018年种植制度
Cropping systems from 2001 to 2018		 组内
Group (%)		 全局
Overall (%)
一年一熟
Single-cropping		 56.64% 一年一熟-一年一熟Single-cropping and Single-cropping 97.79 55.39
一年一熟-一年两熟Single-cropping and Double-cropping 0.55 0.31
一年一熟-季节性休耕Single-cropping and Seasonal fallow 0.97 0.55
一年一熟-年度休耕Single-cropping and Annual fallow 0.44 0.25
一年一熟-未识别Single-cropping and Unknown 0.25 0.14
一年两熟
Double-cropping		 25.36% 一年两熟-一年一熟Double-cropping and Single-cropping 1.01 0.26
一年两熟-一年两熟Double-cropping and Double-cropping 95.95 24.33
一年两熟-季节性休耕Double-cropping and Seasonal fallow 1.27 0.32
一年两熟-年度休耕Double-cropping and Annual fallow 1.25 0.32
一年两熟-未识别Double-cropping and Unknown 0.53 0.13
季节性休耕
Seasonal fallow		 10.49% 季节性休耕-一年一熟Seasonal fallow and Single-cropping 6.68 0.70
季节性休耕-一年两熟Seasonal fallow and Double-cropping 4.84 0.51
季节性休耕-季节性休耕Seasonal fallow and Seasonal fallow 85.17 8.93
季节性休耕-年度休耕Seasonal fallow and Annual fallow 1.07 0.11
季节性休耕-未识别Seasonal fallow and Unknown 2.21 0.23
年度休耕
Annual fallow		 5.29% 年度休耕-一年一熟Annual fallow and Single-cropping 22.65 1.20
年度休耕-一年两熟Annual fallow and Double-cropping 0.41 0.02
年度休耕-季节性休耕Annual fallow and Seasonal fallow 0.68 0.04
年度休耕-年度休耕Annual fallow and Annual fallow 72.59 3.84
年度休耕-未识别Annual fallow and Unknown 3.69 0.20
总体一致性 Overall consistency — 92.50

Fig. 11

The consistency of cropping systems during different research periods"

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