洞庭湖区典型稻田玉米水稻轮作下土壤—作物系统对施氮措施的响应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.10.010

Abstract

Abstract:

【Objective】 Crop yield increases and soil organic matter decreases when double rice cropping system shifted to wet and dry rotation cropping system, but little information is known that the effects of chemical fertilizer nitrogen combined with different organic materials on crop yield, nitrogen use efficiencies and organic matter content under the wet and dry cropping system.【Method】 The maize and rice rotation was regarded as object, five treatments were set up, including no nitrogen fertilizer applied (CK), only chemical fertilizer applied (NPK), NPK plus straw return (NPKS), NPK plus manure (NPKM) and NPK plus biochar (NPKB) in purple clayey soil and reddish clayey soil in Dongting lake plain from 2015 to 2021. The changes of yield, nutrient use efficiency, soil carbon and nitrogen content as well as carbon and nitrogen balance under different fertilization treatments were explored. 【Result】 The average maize yield, rice yield and total annual yield in the six-year in purple clayey soil and reddish clayey soil were 5.7, 7.3 and 12.9 t·hm^-2, respectively. Moreover, the three yields above in purple clayey soil were slightly higher than that reddish clayey soil, though the differences in both soils were not significant. Compared with the NPK treatment, NPKM treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the average yields in maize season or rice season in the two soils (P<0.05) by 10.6% and 4.20%, respectively. Among all the treatments, NPKM treatment had the maximum yield in the maize season, and the value was 6.0 t·hm^-2; and NPKB treatment had the maximum yield in the rice season, and the value was 7.5 t·hm^-2. The six-year average annual total yield under NPKM and NPKB treatments was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that under other treatments, respectively, but the difference between NPKM and NPKB treatments was not significant. Compared with the other treatments, NPKM treatment significantly (P<0.05) improved the chemical fertilizer nitrogen recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial productivity in maize, rice, the six-year average values of maize season were 66.3%, 39.5 kg·kg^-1 and 56.0 kg·kg^-1, respectively, and the six-year average of rice season was 53.8%, 21.9 kg·kg^-1 and 68.6 kg·kg^-1, respectively. NPKB treatment had significant higher chemical fertilizer N agronomy efficiency and partial productivity than the NPKS and NPK treatments in maize and rice seasons, and compared with NPK treatment, the nitrogen recovery rate of maize was also significantly improved. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content decreased significantly from the fourth years (the year of 2019). Compared with the soil organic carbon and nitrogen content between the beginning of the experiment (2015) and 2021, the annual average soil organic carbon in all the N applied treatments in purple clayey soil and reddish clayey soil decreased by 1.8 and 0.7 g·kg^-1, and total nitrogen content decreased by 0.4 and 0.1 g·kg^-1; the NPKM treatment in both the soils had the lowest decrease of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, and the NPKB treatment was the second. The loss of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the NPKM treatments were the lowest, which were 0.48 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 and 94.7 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively.【Conclusion】 After the double rice cropping system shifted to wet and dry rotation cropping system, the chemical fertilizer nitrogen combined with manure and biochar could increase crop yield and hold back the decrease of soil organic matter, NPKM treatment had the maximum average maize yield and NPKB treatment had the maximum average rice yield during the experimental period.

Key words: maize-rice rotation, yield, fertilization practices, soil types, nitrogen use efficiency, soil carbon and nitrogen

FANG KangRui, LONG ShiPing, PENG SiWen, CHEN Shan, LIAO YuLin, XU XinPeng, ZHAO ShiCheng, QIU ShaoJun, HE Ping, ZHOU Wei. Response of Soil-Crop System to Different Nitrogen Fertilization Practices Under Maize and Rice Cropping System in the Paddy Soil of Dongting Lake Plain[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(10): 1979-1994.

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土壤 Soil	试验地点 Site	pH	有机碳 Soil organic C (g·kg^-1)	全氮 Total N (g·kg^-1)	全磷 Total P (g·kg^-1)	全钾 Total K (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen P (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 NH₄Ac extracted K (mg·kg^-1)	容重 Bulk density (g·cm^-3)
紫潮泥 Purple clayey soil, PS	南县 Nanxian county	7.7	29.8	3.5	1.2	35.5	13.1	75.7	1.06
红黄泥 Reddish clayey soil, RS	长沙县 Changsha county	5.8	19.9	2.4	0.6	29.6	6.9	48.5	1.02

处理 Treatment		玉米产量 Maize yield (t·hm^-2)						水稻产量 Rice yield (t·hm^-2)							全年产量 Annual yield (t·hm^-2)						6年平均产量 Average yield in six years (t·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	玉米 Maize	水稻 Rice	年总产量 Annual
施肥 Fertilization	CK	1.7dD	2.9cA	2.7cB	2.3bC	2.6cB	0.8E	5.9dA	5.1bBC	4.8cC	4.5cC	5.9cA	4.6bC	5.4cAB	6.8cC	7.7cAB	7.2cBC	8.2bA	7.2cBC	6.2dD	2.2d	5.0c	7.2c
	NPK	4.6cC	5.7bB	7.0abA	6.3aB	4.9bC	4.3aC	7.4cB	7.2aBC	6.5bD	7.1bBC	7.9bA	7.0aBC	6.9bCD	11.0bC	12.0bB	14.0bA	14.0aA	11.bB	11.2cC	5.5c	7.1b	12.6b
	NPKS	4.6cE	5.4bC	6.6bA	6.3aB	5.1bD	4.4aE	7.7abA	6.9aA	6.8abA	7.2bA	7.9bA	6.9aA	7.0abA	11.0bC	12.0bB	13.0bA	14.0aA	12.bB	11.6cC	5.4c	7.1b	12.5b
	NPKM	5.7aC	6.8aB	7.6aA	6.3aB	5.6aC	4.3aD	7.8aAB	7.3aCD	6.7abE	7.7aBC	8.1abA	7.1aDE	7.5aBC	13.0aCD	13.0aC	15.0aA	14.0aB	12.aD	11.8bE	6.0a	7.4a	13.5a
	NPKB	5.1bD	6.4aB	7.5aA	5.7aC	5.2bCD	4.6aE	7.5bcBC	7.4aBC	7.0aCD	7.7aB	8.6aA	6.8aD	7.5aBC	12.0aD	13.0aC	15.0aA	14.0aB	12.bD	12.0aD	5.7b	7.5a	13.2a
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	4.7bCD	6.3aB	7.4aA	6.3aB	5.0aC	4.5aD	7.3bB	7.8aB	6.8aC	7.5aB	8.3aA	7.3aB	7.2aB	12.1aC	13.1aB	14.9aA	14.7aA	12.3aC	11.7aC	5.7a	7.5a	13.1a
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	5.3aC	5.9aBC	7.0aA	6.0aB	5.4aBC	4.3aD	8.0aA	7.0bCD	6.7aDE	7.3aB	8.0bA	6.6bE	7.2aBC	12.3aB	12.6aB	14.3aA	13.9bA	12.0aBC	11.6aC	5.6a	7.1a	12.7a
	平均 Average	5.0C	6.1B	7.2A	6.2B	5.2C	4.4D	7.6B	7.2CD	6.8E	7.4C	8.1A	6.9E	7.2CD	12.2C	12.9B	14.6A	14.3A	12.1C	11.6C	5.7b	7.3b	12.9a

处理 Treatment		玉米地上部生物量 Maize aboveground biomass (t·hm^-2)						水稻地上部生物量 Rice aboveground biomass (t·hm^-2)						全年总生物量 Annual aboveground biomass (t·hm^-2)							6年平均生物量 Average aboveground biomass in six years (t·hm^-2)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	玉米 Maize	水稻 Rice	年总生物量 Annual
施肥 Fertilization	CK	3.8bA	6.4cA	6.8cA	5.7bA	6.0cA	2.0bA	11.0cA	9.9bB	9.0bBC	8.8cC	11.5bA	8.0bC	8.7cD	13.7bC	15.3cB	15.6dB	17.3bA	14.0cC	10.7cD	5.1c	9.3c	14.7d
	NPK	10.1aBC	10.9bB	13.3bA	12.6aA	10.0bBC	8.7aC	14.0bB	13.3aBC	13.4aBC	13.5bBC	15.1aA	13.1aC	11.6aD	23.5aB	24.3abB	26.8cA	27.7aA	23.1bB	20.3bC	11.0b	13.3b	24.4c
	NPKS	9.4aB	10.5bB	13.5abA	12.5aA	10.4bB	9.4aB	15.1aA	13.4aC	13.6aC	14.1abB	15.4aA	13.1aC	12.0aD	22.8aBC	24.1bB	27.6bcA	27.9aA	23.5bB	21.4aC	10.9b	13.6ab	24.8bc
	NPKM	9.8aD	12.7aB	14.9aA	12.9aB	11.4aC	9.0aD	14.8aA	13.9aA	13.5aA	14.6aA	15.4aA	13.1aA	12.5aA	23.6aC	26.2bB	29.5aA	28.3aA	24.6aC	21.4aD	11.8a	13.8ab	25.7a
	NPKB	9.6aC	12.4aB	14.1abA	12.1aB	10.0bC	9.5aC	14.0bBC	14.2aBC	13.3aCD	14.7aB	16.4aA	13.1aCD	12.4aD	23.8aC	25.6abB	28.8abA	28.5aA	23.1bCD	21.9aD	11.3ab	14.0a	25.3ab
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	9.6aCD	12.0aB	14.5aA	12.1aB	9.8bC	9.0aD	14.2bBC	13.8aCD	13.3aD	14.5aB	15.6aA	12.6bE	11.6bF	23.5aBC	25.2aB	29.1aA	27.7aA	22.3bC	20.6bC	11.2a	13.6a	24.7a
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	9.8aC	11.3aB	13.4aA	13.0aA	11.1aB	9.3aC	14.8aA	13.6aB	13.6aB	13.9bB	15.5aA	13.7aB	12.6aC	23.4aC	24.9aB	27.3bA	28.5aA	24.8aB	21.9aC	11.3a	13.8a	25.1a
	平均 Average	9.7D	11.6C	14.0A	12.5B	10.5D	9.2E	14.5B	13.7D	13.4D	14.2C	15.6A	13.1E	12.1E	23.4C	25.0B	28.2A	28.1A	23.6C	21.3D	11.2b	13.7b	24.9a

处理 Treatment		玉米季氮素回收率 N recovery efficiency in maize (%)						水稻季氮素回收率 N recovery efficiency in rice (%)							6年平均回收率 Average N recovery efficiency in six years (%)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	玉米季 Season maize	水稻季 Season rice
施肥 Fertilization	NPK	33.6bAB	30.6cB	41.0bA	43.0bA	33.4bAB	36.9bAB	23.6bB	30.2bAB	31.5bAB	35.0bA	34.9BA	26.2bB	31.3abAB	36.4c	31.3b
	NPKS	32.2bB	32.1cB	42.2bA	42.1bA	35.0bAB	41.3bA	33.8abA	33.9abA	33.4bA	33.3bA	35.3bA	29.7bA	30.2abA	37.5bc	32.7b
	NPKM	50.9aB	70.4aA	75.9aA	75.1aA	63.5aAB	62.2aAB	40.3aC	48.8aBC	59.45aAB	67.0aA	55.9aAB	53.1aABC	40.2aC	66.3a	53.8a
	NPKB	33.8bB	42.8bAB	45.8bA	41.0bAB	33.3bB	37.3bAB	27.5bAB	37.2bAB	31.6bAB	40.1bA	37.9bAB	35.8bAB	22.8bB	39.0b	34.1b
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	29.6bB	42.1aA	51.4bA	55.0aA	48.4aA	45.1aA	22.5bD	32.0bABC	35.3bABC	40.4bA	37.7bAB	27.6bCD	29.9bBCD	45.3a	33.6b
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	45.6aA	45.8aA	51.0aA	45.6aA	34.2aB	43.7aA	40.1aA	43.0aA	42.7aA	47.3aA	44.3aA	44.9aA	32.4aA	44.3a	42.4a
	平均Average	37.6B	44.0B	51.2A	50.3A	41.3B	44.4B	31.3C	37.5ABC	39.0AB	43.9A	41.0AB	36.2BC	31.1C	44.8a	38.0b

处理 Treatment		玉米季氮素农学效率 N agronomic efficiency in maize (kg·kg^-1)						水稻季氮素农学效率 N agronomic efficiency in rice (kg·kg^-1)							6年平均农学效率 Average N agronomic efficiency in six years (kg·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	玉米季 Season maize	水稻季 Season rice
施肥 Fertilization	NPK	15.8bC	15.3cC	23.7bA	22.0cAB	12.7cC	19.4cB	8.5cB	12.0bAB	9.8bB	14.3bA	11.2bAB	13.6bA	8.5bB	18.2d	11.5c
	NPKS	10.4cD	17.2bcC	22.2bB	30.3bA	15.9bC	24.6bB	10.4bBC	10.3bBC	10.9bBC	15.3bA	10.8bBC	13.1bAB	9.3bC	20.1c	11.6c
	NPKM	27.3aD	41.4aBC	46.3aAB	51.3aA	31.3aD	39.3aC	18.0aB	20.8aB	18.2aB	29.3aA	20.0aB	23.3aAB	20.0aB	39.5a	21.9a
	NPKB	13.2bcD	22.7bB	26.8bA	27.2bA	16.9bC	25.4bA	9.3bcC	13.0bBC	12.4bBC	17.8bA	14.8bAB	12.2bBC	11.7bBC	22.0b	13.6b
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	13.0bD	26.4aBC	36.7aA	34.8aAB	20.2aCD	27.7aBC	12.8aBC	14.6aAB	13.0aABC	17.3bA	9.23bC	15.0aAB	12.0aBC	26.5a	13.5b
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	20.3aB	21.9aAB	22.9bAB	30.5aA	18.2aB	26.7aAB	10.3aC	13.5aBC	12.6aBC	21.0aA	19.2aA	16.1aAB	12.7aBC	23.4a	15.8a
	平均 Average	16.7C	24.1C	29.8B	32.7A	19.2C	27.2C	11.5B	14.0B	12.8B	19.2A	14.2B	15.6AB	12.3B	24.9a	14.7b

Response of Soil-Crop System to Different Nitrogen Fertilization Practices Under Maize and Rice Cropping System in the Paddy Soil of Dongting Lake Plain

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处理 Treatment		碳平衡 C balance		氮平衡 N balance
处理 Treatment		碳输入 C input (t C·hm^-2·a^-1)	土壤有机碳损失 SOC loss (t C·hm^-2·a^-1)	氮输入 N input (kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)	作物氮吸收 Crop N uptake (kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)	土壤全氮损失 TN loss (kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)	肥料氮素盈余量 Fertilizer N surplus (kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)
施肥 Fertilization	CK	1.9e	0.81a	32.5e	141.3c	138.9a	-108.8e
	NPK	3.2d	0.72a	426.5d	258.7b	134.0a	167.7c
	NPKS	8.0b	0.69a	526.4b	272.2a	118.1a	254.2b
	NPKM	14.5a	0.48b	787.2a	274.2a	94.7b	513.0a
	NPKB	4.1c	0.71a	447.6c	274.5a	129.8a	155.0c
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥PS	7.4a	0.80a	536.6a	253.8b	175.5a	278.4a
土壤 Soil	红黄泥RS	7.5a	0.51a	557.3a	286.1a	62.8b	266.6a

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处理 Treatment		玉米季氮素偏生产力 N partial productivity in maize season (kg·kg^-1)						水稻季氮素偏生产力 N partial productivity in rice season (kg·kg^-1)							6年平均偏生产力 Average N partial productivity in six years (kg·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	玉米季 Season maize	水稻季 Season rice
施肥 Fertilization	NPK	25.4bC	31.6bB	38.9bA	34.9bB	27.3bC	23.9bC	41.1cB	40.1bBC	36.3bD	39.2cBC	44.0bA	39.9bBC	38.2cCD	30.3c	39.5c
	NPKS	25.5bE	30.1bC	36.8bA	34.7bB	28.0bD	24.6bE	42.9bA	38.5bC	37.5bC	40.2bcB	43.6bA	38.5bC	39.0cBC	30.0c	39.6c
	NPKM	52.5aC	63.0aB	70.7aA	58.7aB	51.6aC	39.3aD	72.2aAB	67.7aCD	62.4aE	70.8aBC	74.7aA	65.6aDE	69.6aBC	56.0a	68.6a
	NPKB	28.4bD	35.6bB	41.4bA	31.6bC	29.0bCD	25.4bE	41.8bcBC	41.1bBC	39.0bCD	42.7bB	47.7bA	37.5bD	41.4bBC	31.9b	41.6b
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	30.5bC	41.2aB	48.5aA	41.2aB	32.3bBC	28.6aC	47.4bA	48.3aA	44.0aA	48.8aA	53.8aA	47.7aA	46.9aA	37.0a	48.3a
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	35.4aB	38.9bB	45.3aA	38.8bB	35.7aB	28.0aC	51.7aA	45.4aA	43.6aA	47.6aA	51.3aA	42.5bA	47.2aA	37.0a	46.3a
	平均 Average	33.0C	40.1B	46.9A	40.0B	34.0C	28.3D	49.5B	46.9DE	43.8F	48.2C	52.5A	45.1EF	47.1D	37.0b	47.3a

处理 Treatment		玉米季土壤有机碳 SOC in maize season (g·kg^-1)						水稻季土壤有机碳 SOC in rice season (g·kg^-1)						全年有机碳年平均值 Annual average SOC (g·kg^-1)					平均有机碳 Average SOC (g·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2019	2020	2021	2016	2017	2019	2020	2021	玉米季 Season maize	水稻季 Season rice	总平均 Average
施肥 Fertilization	CK	26.3aA	25.6aA	24.7aA	23.0aA	23.1aA	23.6aA	25.3aA	25.1aA	25.1aA	23.1aA	23.2aA	24.1aA	25.7aA	25.3aA	23.1aA	23.1aA	23.8aA	24.4a	24.3a	24.2a
	NPK	24.0aA	24.1aA	23.4aA	23.2aA	22.8aA	22.3aA	25.2aA	24.9aA	24.4aA	23.4aA	23.1aA	23.1aA	24.4aA	24.3aA	23.3aA	23.0aA	22.7aA	23.3a	24.0a	23.5a
	NPKS	25.1aA	25.2aA	25.5aA	24.5aA	23.4aA	23.5aA	25.6aA	25.0aA	24.9aA	23.3aA	22.3aA	23.5aA	25.1aA	25.0aA	23.9aA	22.8aA	23.5aA	24.4a	24.1a	24.1a
	NPKM	26.7aA	26.6aA	25.4aA	25.46aA	25.2aA	25.1aA	27.5aA	26.0aA	26.5aA	24.2aA	23.4aA	24.2aA	26.4aA	26.5aA	24.8aA	24.3aA	24.7aA	25.7a	25.3a	25.3a
	NPKB	25.7aA	26.2aA	24.5aA	24.60aA	24.5aA	22.9aA	26.4aA	25.3aA	24.9aA	23.7aA	23.5aA	24.1aA	25.5aA	25.5aA	24.1aA	24.0aA	23.5aA	24.7a	24.6a	24.5a
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	30.3aA	30.9aA	29.2aABC	29.3aAB	28.0aBC	27.4aC	32.1aA	30.7aB	30.4aB	27.6aC	27.7aC	28.6aC	30.5aA	30.7aA	28.5aB	27.8aB	28.0aB	29.2a	29.5a	29.1a
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	20.5bA	20.1bA	19.7bA	19.6bA	19.9bA	19.6bA	20.3bA	19.9bA	19.9bA	19.7bA	18.3bC	18.8bBC	20.2bA	20.0bAB	19.6bAB	19.2bB	19.2bB	19.9b	19.5b	19.6b
	平均 Average	25.4A	25.5A	24.4AB	24.4AB	24.0B	23.5B	26.2A	25.3B	25.2B	23.1C	23.2C	23.7C	25.3A	25.3A	23.7B	23.6B	23.6B	24.5a	24.5a	24.4a

处理 Treatment		玉米季土壤全氮 TN in maize season (g·kg^-1)						水稻季土壤全氮 TN in rice season (g·kg^-1)						全年全氮年平均值 Annual average TN (g·kg^-1)					平均全氮 Average TN (g·kg^-1)
处理 Treatment		2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2015	2016	2017	2019	2020	2021	2016	2017	2019	2020	2021	玉米季 Season maize	水稻季 Season rice	总平均 Average
施肥 Fertilization	CK	3.03aA	2.85aA	2.88aA	2.76aA	2.85aA	2.70aA	2.99aA	3.12aA	2.80aA	2.83aA	2.78aA	2.71aA	3.07aA	2.83aA	2.80aA	2.81aA	2.70aA	2.85a	2.87a	2.84a
	NPK	2.97aA	3.08aA	2.88aA	2.80aA	2.82aA	2.63aA	2.99aA	3.07aA	2.80aA	2.86aA	2.85aA	2.59aA	3.02aA	2.94aA	2.83aA	2.84aA	2.61aA	2.86a	2.86a	2.85a
	NPKS	2.89aA	2.87aA	2.91aA	2.84aA	2.92aA	2.72aA	2.96aA	3.03aA	2.97aA	2.99aA	2.55aA	2.71aA	2.96aA	2.92aA	2.91aA	2.74aA	2.72aA	2.86a	2.87a	2.85a
	NPKM	3.02aA	3.01aA	2.97aA	2.92aA	3.03aA	2.91aA	3.17aA	3.05aA	2.96aA	2.95aA	2.71aA	2.70aA	3.03aA	2.98aA	2.93aA	2.87aA	2.81aA	2.97a	2.92a	2.93a
	NPKB	2.95aA	3.09aA	2.81aA	2.71aA	2.85aA	2.67aA	3.08aA	2.99aA	2.88aA	2.77aA	2.61aA	2.65aA	2.97aA	2.99aA	2.74aA	2.73aA	2.66aA	2.85a	2.83a	2.82a
土壤 Soil	紫潮泥 PS	3.42aA	3.45aA	3.32aAB	3.20aBC	3.16aBC	3.11aC	3.69aA	3.58aA	3.34aB	3.19aBC	3.06aC	3.16aC	3.50aA	3.40aA	3.20aB	3.11aB	3.13aB	3.28a	3.34a	3.27a
土壤 Soil	红黄泥 RS	2.49bABC	2.57bAB	2.46bBC	2.44bBC	2.66bA	2.36bC	2.41bB	2.49bB	2.47bB	2.59bA	2.30bC	2.17bD	2.49bA	2.52bA	2.51bA	2.48bA	2.26bB	2.50b	2.40b	2.45b
	平均 Average	2.96A	3.01A	2.89AB	2.82BC	2.91AB	2.73C	3.05A	3.03A	2.91B	2.89B	2.68C	2.66C	3.0A	3.0A	2.9B	2.8BC	2.7C	2.89a	2.87a	2.86a